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2059-7908442019BMJ global healthBMJ Glob HealthThe need for comprehensive and multidisciplinary training in substandard and falsified medicines for pharmacists.e001681e001681e00168110.1136/bmjgh-2019-001681FerrarioAlessandraA0000-0002-1572-3581Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.OrubuEbiowei Samuel FESFInstitute for Health System Innovation and Policy, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Nigeria.AdeyeyeMoji ChristianahMCDirector-General, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Abuja, Nigeria.ZamanMuhammad HMHDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.WirtzVeronika JVJDepartment of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.engEditorial20190718
EnglandBMJ Glob Health1016852752059-7908public healthCompeting interests: VJW reports grants from International Federation of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Associations (IFPMA), grants from Sandoz International GmbH and grants from Gilead Inc., outside the submitted work.2019512019622019682019814602019814602019814612019718epublish31406593PMC666681910.1136/bmjgh-2019-001681bmjgh-2019-001681A study on the public health and socioeconomic impact of substandard and falsified medical product. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.Ozawa S, Evans DR, Bessias S, et al. Prevalence and estimated economic burden of substandard and falsified medicines in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2018;1:e181662 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.166210.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1662PMC632428030646106Kelesidis T, Falagas ME. Substandard/counterfeit antimicrobial drugs. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015;28:443–64. 10.1128/CMR.00072-1410.1128/CMR.00072-14PMC440295825788516Venhuis BJ, Oostlander AE, Giorgio DD, et al. Oncology drugs in the crosshairs of pharmaceutical crime. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:e209–17. 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30101-310.1016/S1470-2045(18)30101-329611529Zaman MH. Bitter pills: the global war on counterfeit drugs. Oxford University Press, 2018.Tabernero P, Fernández FM, Green M, et al. Mind the gaps--the epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world—analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database. Malar J 2014;13 10.1186/1475-2875-13-13910.1186/1475-2875-13-139PMC402140824712972Institute of Medicine Countering the problem of falsified and substandard drugs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013.24872973 Definitions of substandard and falsified (SF) medical products. World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/ssffc/definitions/en [Accessed 25/06/2019].Hamilton WL, Doyle C, Halliwell-Ewen M, et al. Public health interventions to protect against falsified medicines: a systematic review of international, national and local policies. Health Policy Plan 2016;31:1448–66. 10.1093/heapol/czw06210.1093/heapol/czw06227311827 Member state mechanism onsubstandard/spurious/falsely-labelled/falsified/counterfeit medical products. Geneva: World Health organization; 2017. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA70/A70_23-en.pdf [Accessed 26 Jun 2019].Ravinetto R, Vandenbergh D, Macé C, et al. Fighting poor-quality medicines in low- and middle-income countries: the importance of advocacy and pedagogy. J Pharm Policy Pract 2016;9 10.1186/s40545-016-0088-010.1186/s40545-016-0088-0PMC510526727843547International Pharmaceutical Federation Pharmacists in the supply chain: The role of the medicines expert in ensuring quality and availability. The Hague, the Netherlands: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP); 2017.Pisani E, Nistor A-L, Hasnida A, et al. Identifying market risk for substandard and falsified medicines: an analytic framework based on qualitative research in China, Indonesia, Turkey and Romania. Wellcome Open Res 2019;4 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15236.110.12688/wellcomeopenres.15236.1PMC651843731131333The Lancet respiratory medicine Fake medicines: fighting on all fronts. Lancet Respir Med 2018;6.29653806Ferrario A, Wirtz VJ, Zaman MH. Education about substandard and falsified medicines: a review of Bachelor in Pharmacy curricula in six countries : Abstract book. Medicine Quality& Public Health Conference.. Oxford, 2018: 29.Pyzik O. Global Pharmacy Education & UCL Fight the Fakes : Abstract book. Medicine Quality& Public Health Conference. Oxford, 2018: 28–29.USP Promoting the quality of medicines: annual performance report 2018. Rockville, MD: U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, 2018.Fittler A, Vida RG, Rádics V, et al. A challenge for healthcare but just another opportunity for illegitimate online sellers: dubious market of shortage oncology drugs. PLoS One 2018;13:e0203185 10.1371/journal.pone.020318510.1371/journal.pone.0203185PMC611267030153304 FDA Health care provider alert: another counterfeit cancer medicine found in United States, 2018. Available: http://www.fda.gov/drugs/counterfeit-medicine/health-care-provider-alert-another-counterfeit-cancer-medicine-found-united-states [Accessed 28 May 2019].