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2045-2322712017Jul14Scientific reportsSci RepBrain regionalization genes are co-opted into shell field patterning in Mollusca.54865486548610.1038/s41598-017-05605-5The 'brain regionalization genes' Six3/6, Otx, Pax2/5/8, Gbx, and Hox1 are expressed in a similar fashion in the deuterostome, ecdysozoan, and the cephalopod brain, questioning whether this holds also true for the remaining Mollusca. We investigated developmental Gbx-expression in representatives of both molluscan sister groups, the Aculifera and Conchifera. Gbx is expressed in the posterior central nervous system of an aculiferan polyplacophoran and solenogaster but not in a conchiferan bivalve suggesting that Gbx, together with Six3/6, Otx, Pax2/5/8, and Hox1, is involved in central nervous system regionalization as reported for other bilaterians. Gbx is, however, also expressed in the anterior central nervous system, i.e. the anlagen of the cerebral ganglia, in the solenogaster, a condition not reported for any other bilaterian so far. Strikingly, all Gbx-orthologs and the other 'posterior brain regionalization genes' such as Pax2/5/8 and Hox1 are expressed in the mantle that secretes shell(s) and spicules of mollusks (except cephalopods). In bivalves, the ancestral condition has even been lost, with Gbx and Pax2/5/8 not being expressed in the developing central nervous system anymore. This suggests an additional role in the formation of the molluscan shell field(s) and spicule-bearing cells, key features of mollusks.WollesenTimTDepartment of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. tim.wollesen@univie.ac.at.ScherholzMaikMDepartment of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.Rodríguez MonjeSonia VictoriaSVDepartment of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.RedlEmanuelEDepartment of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.TodtChristianeCUniversity Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway.WanningerAndreasA0000-0002-3266-5838Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.engP 24276FWF_Austrian Science Fund FWFAustriaJournal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't20170714
EnglandSci Rep1015632882045-2322IMAnimal Shellsgrowth & developmentmetabolismAnimalsBody PatterninggeneticsBraingrowth & developmentmetabolismGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalLarvageneticsMolluscageneticsgrowth & developmentPhylogenyThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.20173620175312017716602017716602019122602017714epublish28710480PMC551117310.1038/s41598-017-05605-510.1038/s41598-017-05605-5Kocot KM, et al. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature. 2011;477:452–456. doi: 10.1038/nature10382.10.1038/nature10382PMC402447521892190Smith SA, et al. Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools. Nature. 2011;480:364–369. doi: 10.1038/nature10526.10.1038/nature1052622031330Smith SA, et al. Corrigendum: Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools. Nature. 2013;708:493.22031330Haszprunar G, Wanninger A. Molluscs. Curr. 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