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1477-9129138192011OctDevelopment (Cambridge, England)DevelopmentFez function is required to maintain the size of the animal plate in the sea urchin embryo.423342434233-4310.1242/dev.069856Partitioning ectoderm precisely into neurogenic and non-neurogenic regions is an essential step for neurogenesis of almost all bilaterian embryos. Although it is widely accepted that antagonism between BMP and its inhibitors primarily sets up the border between these two types of ectoderm, it is unclear how such extracellular, diffusible molecules create a sharp and precise border at the single-cell level. Here, we show that Fez, a zinc finger protein, functions as an intracellular factor attenuating BMP signaling specifically within the neurogenic region at the anterior end of sea urchin embryos, termed the animal plate. When Fez function is blocked, the size of this neurogenic ectoderm becomes smaller than normal. However, this reduction is rescued in Fez morphants simply by blocking BMP2/4 translation, indicating that Fez maintains the size of the animal plate by attenuating BMP2/4 function. Consistent with this, the gradient of BMP activity along the aboral side of the animal plate, as measured by pSmad1/5/8 levels, drops significantly in cells expressing Fez and this steep decline requires Fez function. Our data reveal that this neurogenic ectoderm produces an intrinsic system that attenuates BMP signaling to ensure the establishment of a stable, well-defined neural territory, the animal plate.YaguchiShunsukeSShimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka 415-0025, Japan. yag@kurofune.shimoda.tsukuba.ac.jpYaguchiJunkoJWeiZhengZJinYinhuaYAngererLynne MLMInabaKazuoKengIntramural NIH HHSUnited StatesJournal ArticleResearch Support, N.I.H., IntramuralResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't20110818
EnglandDevelopment87017440950-19910Bone Morphogenetic Proteins0Smad Proteins0Transcription FactorsIMAnimalsBlastulametabolismBody PatterninggeneticsBone Morphogenetic ProteinschemistryCell LineageEctodermmetabolismEmbryo, NonmammalianmetabolismGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalImmunohistochemistrymethodsModels, BiologicalNucleic Acid HybridizationOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisSea UrchinsSmad ProteinsmetabolismTranscription FactorsgeneticsphysiologyZinc Fingers20118206020118206020111213002012101ppublish21852402PMC317122310.1242/dev.069856dev.069856 Alexandrova E. M., Thomsen G. H. (2006). Smurf1 regulates neural patterning and folding in Xenopus embryos by antagonizing the BMP/Smad1 pathway. Dev. Biol. 299, 398-410 PMC257717416973150 Angerer L. M., Oleksyn D. W., Logan C. Y., McClay D. R., Dale L., Angerer R. C. (2000). A BMP pathway regulates cell fate allocation along the sea urchin animal-vegetal embryonic axis. 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