{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Manual"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"12702651"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2003","Month":"07","Day":"11"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2022","Month":"03","Day":"18"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Print"},"@text":"0950-1991"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Print"},"Volume":"130","Issue":"11","PubDate":{"Year":"2003","Month":"Jun"}},"Title":"Development (Cambridge, England)","ISOAbbreviation":"Development"},"ArticleTitle":"An urbilaterian origin of the tripartite brain: developmental genetic insights from Drosophila.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"2365","EndPage":"2373","MedlinePgn":"2365-73"},"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Studies on expression and function of key developmental control genes suggest that the embryonic vertebrate brain has a tripartite ground plan that consists of a forebrain\/midbrain, a hindbrain and an intervening midbrain\/hindbrain boundary region, which are characterized by the specific expression of the Otx, Hox and Pax2\/5\/8 genes, respectively. We show that the embryonic brain of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster expresses all three sets of homologous genes in a similar tripartite pattern. Thus, a Pax2\/5\/8 expression domain is located at the interface of brain-specific otd\/Otx2 and unpg\/Gbx2 expression domains anterior to Hox expression regions. We identify this territory as the deutocerebral\/tritocerebral boundary region in the embryonic Drosophila brain. Mutational inactivation of otd\/Otx2 and unpg\/Gbx2 result in the loss or misplacement of the brain-specific expression domains of Pax2\/5\/8 and Hox genes. In addition, otd\/Otx2 and unpg\/Gbx2 appear to negatively regulate each other at the interface of their brain-specific expression domains. Our studies demonstrate that the deutocerebral\/tritocerebral boundary region in the embryonic Drosophila brain displays developmental genetic features similar to those observed for the midbrain\/hindbrain boundary region in vertebrate brain development. This suggests that a tripartite organization of the embryonic brain was already established in the last common urbilaterian ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Hirth","ForeName":"Frank","Initials":"F","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Institute of Zoology, Biozentrum\/Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. frank.hirth@unibas.ch"}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Kammermeier","ForeName":"Lars","Initials":"L"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Frei","ForeName":"Erich","Initials":"E"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Walldorf","ForeName":"Uwe","Initials":"U"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Noll","ForeName":"Markus","Initials":"M"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Reichert","ForeName":"Heinrich","Initials":"H"}]},"Language":["eng"],"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D003160"},"@text":"Comparative Study"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D013485"},"@text":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"England","MedlineTA":"Development","NlmUniqueID":"8701744","ISSNLinking":"0950-1991"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004268"},"@text":"DNA-Binding Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D029721"},"@text":"Drosophila Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018398"},"@text":"Homeodomain Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009419"},"@text":"Nerve Tissue Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051762"},"@text":"PAX2 Transcription Factor"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051761"},"@text":"Paired Box Transcription Factors"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C073863"},"@text":"Poxn protein, Drosophila"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D014157"},"@text":"Transcription Factors"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C093053"},"@text":"oc protein, Drosophila"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C098131"},"@text":"unpg protein, Drosophila"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D030801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals, Genetically Modified"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001921","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Brain"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"embryology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004268","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"DNA-Binding Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D029721","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Drosophila Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004331","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Drosophila melanogaster"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018507","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Genes, Homeobox"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017344","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Genes, Insect"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018398","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Homeodomain Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009154","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mutation"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009419","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Nerve Tissue 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Factors"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D014714","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Vertebrates"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]}]}},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2003","Month":"4","Day":"19","Hour":"5","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2003","Month":"7","Day":"12","Hour":"5","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2003","Month":"4","Day":"19","Hour":"5","Minute":"0"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12702651"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.00438"}]}}}}