{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Manual"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"19160505"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2009","Month":"04","Day":"08"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"01","Day":"28"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1546-1726"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"11","Issue":"9","PubDate":{"Year":"2008","Month":"Sep"}},"Title":"Nature neuroscience","ISOAbbreviation":"Nat Neurosci"},"ArticleTitle":"The acute light-induction of sleep is mediated by OPN4-based photoreception.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"1068","EndPage":"1073","MedlinePgn":"1068-73"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1038\/nn.2179"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Sleep is regulated by both homeostatic and circadian mechanisms. The latter, termed 'process c', helps synchronize sleep-wake patterns to the appropriate time of the day. However, in the absence of a circadian clock, overall sleep-wake rhythmicity is preserved and remains synchronized to the external light-dark cycle, indicating that there is an additional, clock-independent photic input to sleep. We found that the direct photic regulation of sleep in mice is predominantly mediated by melanopsin (OPN4)-based photoreception of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). Moreover, OPN4-dependent sleep regulation was correlated with the activation of sleep-promoting neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area and the superior colliculus. Collectively, our findings describe a previously unknown pathway in sleep regulation and identify the pRGC\/OPN4 signaling system as a potentially new pharmacological target for the selective manipulation of sleep and arousal states."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Lupi","ForeName":"Daniela","Initials":"D","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Circadian and Visual Neuroscience Group, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Levels 5 and 6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Oster","ForeName":"Henrik","Initials":"H"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Thompson","ForeName":"Stewart","Initials":"S"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Foster","ForeName":"Russell G","Initials":"RG"}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"Agency":"Wellcome Trust","Country":"United Kingdom"}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D013485"},"@text":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"United States","MedlineTA":"Nat Neurosci","NlmUniqueID":"9809671","ISSNLinking":"1097-6256"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005136"},"@text":"Eye Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"88813-36-9","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019004"},"@text":"Galanin"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016761"},"@text":"Oncogene Proteins v-fos"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017299"},"@text":"Rod Opsins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000099210"},"@text":"Melanopsin"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000704","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Analysis of Variance"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D002940","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Circadian Rhythm"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004569","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Electroencephalography"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"methods"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004576","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Electromyography"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"methods"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005136","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Eye Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019004","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Galanin"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005786","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gene Expression Regulation"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000528","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"radiation effects"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008027","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Light"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D055537","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Light Signal Transduction"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008297","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Male"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008809","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice, Inbred C3H"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008810","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice, Inbred C57BL"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008817","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice, Mutant Strains"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009043","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Motor Activity"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009434","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Neural Pathways"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016761","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Oncogene Proteins v-fos"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D020419","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000528","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"radiation effects"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D012165","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Retinal Ganglion Cells"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017299","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Rod Opsins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000172","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"deficiency"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D012890","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Sleep"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000099210","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Melanopsin"}}]}},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2009","Month":"1","Day":"23","Hour":"9","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2009","Month":"1","Day":"23","Hour":"9","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2009","Month":"4","Day":"9","Hour":"9","Minute":"0"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19160505"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/nn.2179"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"nn.2179"}]}}}}