{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Manual"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"19736322"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2009","Month":"10","Day":"14"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2025","Month":"05","Day":"29"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1477-9129"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"136","Issue":"19","PubDate":{"Year":"2009","Month":"Oct"}},"Title":"Development (Cambridge, England)","ISOAbbreviation":"Development"},"ArticleTitle":"The posteriorizing gene Gbx2 is a direct target of Wnt signalling and the earliest factor in neural crest induction.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"3267","EndPage":"3278","MedlinePgn":"3267-78"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.036954"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Wnt signalling is required for neural crest (NC) induction; however, the direct targets of the Wnt pathway during NC induction remain unknown. We show here that the homeobox gene Gbx2 is essential in this process and is directly activated by Wnt\/beta-catenin signalling. By ChIP and transgenesis analysis we show that the Gbx2 regulatory elements that drive expression in the NC respond directly to Wnt\/beta-catenin signalling. Gbx2 has previously been implicated in posteriorization of the neural plate. Here we unveil a new role for this gene in neural fold patterning. Loss-of-function experiments using antisense morpholinos against Gbx2 inhibit NC and expand the preplacodal domain, whereas Gbx2 overexpression leads to transformation of the preplacodal domain into NC cells. We show that the NC specifier activity of Gbx2 is dependent on the interaction with Zic1 and the inhibition of preplacodal genes such as Six1. In addition, we demonstrate that Gbx2 is upstream of the neural fold specifiers Pax3 and Msx1. Our results place Gbx2 as the earliest factor in the NC genetic cascade being directly regulated by the inductive molecules, and support the notion that posteriorization of the neural folds is an essential step in NC specification. We propose a new genetic cascade that operates in the distinction between anterior placodal and NC territories."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Li","ForeName":"Bo","Initials":"B","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Kuriyama","ForeName":"Sei","Initials":"S"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Moreno","ForeName":"Mauricio","Initials":"M"},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Mayor","ForeName":"Roberto","Initials":"R"}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"G0801145","Acronym":"MRC_","Agency":"Medical Research Council","Country":"United Kingdom"},{"Acronym":"BB_","Agency":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","Country":"United Kingdom"}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D013485"},"@text":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"England","MedlineTA":"Development","NlmUniqueID":"8701744","ISSNLinking":"0950-1991"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C495266"},"@text":"CTNNB1 protein, Xenopus"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017931"},"@text":"DNA Primers"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C513180"},"@text":"Gbx2 protein, Xenopus"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018398"},"@text":"Homeodomain Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D012333"},"@text":"RNA, Messenger"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D014157"},"@text":"Transcription Factors"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051153"},"@text":"Wnt Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D029867"},"@text":"Xenopus Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C116546"},"@text":"Zic1 protein, Xenopus"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051176"},"@text":"beta Catenin"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D030801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals, Genetically Modified"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001483","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Base Sequence"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001665","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Binding Sites"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019521","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Body Patterning"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017931","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"DNA Primers"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004742","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Enhancer Elements, Genetic"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Genes, Homeobox"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018398","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Homeodomain Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008954","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Models, Biological"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008969","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Molecular Sequence Data"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009432","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Neural Crest"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D012333","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"RNA, Messenger"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015398","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Signal Transduction"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D014157","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Transcription Factors"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051153","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Wnt Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D014981","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Xenopus"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D029867","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Xenopus Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051176","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"beta Catenin"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]}]}},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2009","Month":"9","Day":"9","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2009","Month":"9","Day":"9","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2009","Month":"10","Day":"15","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2010","Month":"4","Day":"1"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19736322"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2808295"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.036954"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"136\/19\/3267"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Ahrens, K. and Schlosser, G. (2005). Tissues and signals involved in the induction of placodal Six1 expression in Xenopus laevis. Dev. Biol. 288, 40-59.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16271713"}]}},{"Citation":"Aybar, M. J. and Mayor, R. (2002). Early induction of neural crest cells: lessons learned from frog, fish and chick. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12, 452-458.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12100892"}]}},{"Citation":"Aybar, M. J., Nieto, M. A. and Mayor, R. (2003). Snail precedes slug in the genetic cascade required for the specification and migration of the Xenopus neural crest. Development 130, 483-494.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12490555"}]}},{"Citation":"Bang, A. G., Papalopulu, N., Kintner, C. and Goulding, M. D. (1997). Expression of Pax-3 is initiated in the early neural plate by posteriorizing signals produced by the organizer and by posterior non-axial mesoderm. Development 124, 2075-2085.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9169853"}]}},{"Citation":"Basch, M. L., Garcia-Castro, M. I. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004). Molecular mechanisms of neural crest induction. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 72, 109-123.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15269886"}]}},{"Citation":"Blitz, I. L. and Cho, K. W. (1995). Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced during gastrulation: the role of the Xenopus homeobox gene orthodenticle. Development 121, 993-1004.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7743941"}]}},{"Citation":"Bonstein, L., Elias, S. and Frank, D. (1998). Paraxial-fated mesoderm is required for neural crest induction in Xenopus embryos. Dev. Biol. 193, 156-168.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9473321"}]}},{"Citation":"Bradley, L. C., Snape, A., Bhatt, S. and Wilkinson, D. G. (1993). The structure and expression of the Xenopus Krox-20 gene: conserved and divergent patterns of expression in rhombomeres and neural crest. Mech. Dev. 40, 73-84.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8443108"}]}},{"Citation":"Brugmann, S. A., Pandur, P. D., Kenyon, K. L., Pignoni, F. and Moody, S. A. (2004). Six1 promotes a placodal fate within the lateral neurogenic ectoderm by functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Development 131, 5871-5881.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15525662"}]}},{"Citation":"Byrd, N. A. and Meyers, E. N. (2005). Loss of Gbx2 results in neural crest cell patterning and pharyngeal arch artery defects in the mouse embryo. Dev. Biol. 284, 233-245.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15996652"}]}},{"Citation":"Carmona-Fontaine, C., Acuna, G., Ellwanger, K., Niehrs, C. and Mayor, R. (2007). Neural crests are actively precluded from the anterior neural fold by a novel inhibitory mechanism dependent on Dickkopf1 secreted by the prechordal mesoderm. Dev. Biol. 309, 208-221.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17669393"}]}},{"Citation":"Cox, W. G. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1995). Caudalization of neural fate by tissue recombination and bFGF. Development 121, 4349-4358.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8575335"}]}},{"Citation":"De Calisto, J., Araya, C., Marchant, L., Riaz, C. F. and Mayor, R. (2005). Essential role of non-canonical Wnt signalling in neural crest migration. Development 132, 2587-2597.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15857909"}]}},{"Citation":"Domingos, P. M., Itasaki, N., Jones, C. M., Mercurio, S., Sargent, M. G., Smith, J. C. and Krumlauf, R. (2001). The Wnt\/[beta]-catenin pathway posteriorizes neural tissue in Xenopus by an indirect mechanism requiring FGF signalling. Dev. Biol. 239, 148-160.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11784025"}]}},{"Citation":"Dunican, D. S., Ruzov, A., Hackett, J. A. and Meehan, R. R. (2008). xDnmt1 regulates transcriptional silencing in pre-MBT Xenopus embryos independently of its catalytic function. Development 135, 1295-1302.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18305009"}]}},{"Citation":"Eastman, Q. and Grosschedl, R. (1999). Regulation of LEF-1\/TCF transcription factors by Wnt and other signals. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 11, 233-240.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10209158"}]}},{"Citation":"Gamse, J. and Sive, H. (2000). Vertebrate anteroposterior patterning: the Xenopus neurectoderm as a paradigm. BioEssays 22, 976-986.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11056474"}]}},{"Citation":"Garcia-Castro, M. I., Marcelle, C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2002). Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer. Science 297, 848-851.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12161657"}]}},{"Citation":"Garda, A. L., Echevarr\u00eda, D. and Mart\u00ednez, S. (2001). Neuroepithelial co-expression of Gbx2 and Otx2 precedes Fgf8 expression in the isthmic organizer. Mech. Dev. 101, 111-118.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11231064"}]}},{"Citation":"Ghanbari, H., Seo, H. C., Fjose, A. and Brandli, A. W. (2001). Molecular cloning and embryonic expression of Xenopus Six homeobox genes. Mech. Dev. 101, 271-277.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11231090"}]}},{"Citation":"Glavic, A., Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L. and Mayor, R. (2002). The homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation. Development 129, 1609-1621.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11923198"}]}},{"Citation":"Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L., Glavic, A., de la Calle-Mustienes, E., Modolell, J. and Mayor, R. (1998). Xiro, a Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila Iroquois complex genes, controls development at the neural plate. EMBO J. 17, 181-190.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1170369"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9427752"}]}},{"Citation":"Graff, J. M., Thies, R. S., Song, J. J., Celeste, A. J. and Melton, D. A. (1994). Studies with a Xenopus BMP receptor suggest that ventral mesoderm-inducing signals override dorsal signals in vivo. Cell 79, 169-179.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7522972"}]}},{"Citation":"Harland, R. and Weintraub, H. (1985). Translation of mRNA injected into Xenopus oocytes is specifically inhibited by antisense RNA. J. Cell Biol. 101, 1094-1099.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2113735"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"2411734"}]}},{"Citation":"Harland, R. M. (1991). In situ hybridization: an improved whole-mount method for Xenopus embryos. Methods Cell Biol. 36, 685-695.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"1811161"}]}},{"Citation":"Heasman, J., Kofron, M. and Wylie, C. (2000). Beta-catenin signaling activity dissected in the early Xenopus embryo: a novel antisense approach. Dev. Biol. 222, 124-134.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10885751"}]}},{"Citation":"Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., de la Torre, J. R., Holt, C. and Harland, R. M. (1991). Cephalic expression and molecular characterization of Xenopus En-2. Development 111, 715-724.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"1679005"}]}},{"Citation":"Hidalgo-Sanchez, M., Millet, S., Simeone, A. and Alvarado-Mallart, R. M. (1999). Comparative analysis of Otx2, Gbx2, Pax2, Fgf8 and Wnt1 gene expressions during the formation of the chick midbrain\/hindbrain domain. Mech. Dev. 81, 175-178.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10330495"}]}},{"Citation":"Hong, C. S. and Saint-Jeannet, J. P. (2007). The activity of Pax3 and Zic1 regulates three distinct cell fates at the neural plate border. Mol. Biol. Cell 18, 2192-2202.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1877120"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17409353"}]}},{"Citation":"Jonas, E., Sargent, T. D. and Dawid, I. B. (1985). Epidermal keratin gene expressed in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5413-5417.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC390579"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"2410923"}]}},{"Citation":"Jonas, E. A., Snape, A. M. and Sargent, T. D. (1989). Transcriptional regulation of a Xenopus embryonic epidermal keratin gene. Development 106, 399-405.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"2480217"}]}},{"Citation":"Joyner, A. L., Liu, A. and Millet, S. (2000). Otx2, Gbx2 and Fgf8 interact to position and maintain a mid-hindbrain organizer. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 736-741.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11063941"}]}},{"Citation":"Kawakami, K. (2007). Tol2: a versatile gene transfer vector in vertebrates. Genome Biol. 8<b>Suppl. 1<\/b> S7.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2106836"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18047699"}]}},{"Citation":"Kishi, M., Mizuseki, K., Sasai, N., Yamazaki, H., Shiota, K., Nakanishi, S. and Sasai, Y. (2000). Requirement of Sox2-mediated signaling for differentiation of early Xenopus neuroectoderm. Development 127, 791-800.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10648237"}]}},{"Citation":"Kuo, J. S., Patel, M., Gamse, J., Merzdorf, C., Liu, X., Apekin, V. and Sive, H. (1998). Opl: a zinc finger protein that regulates neural determination and patterning in Xenopus. Development 125, 2867-2882.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9655809"}]}},{"Citation":"La Bonne, C. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1998). Neural crest induction in Xenopus: evidence for a two-signal model. Development 125, 2403-2414.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9609823"}]}},{"Citation":"Le Douarin, N. M. and Kalcheim, C. (1999). The Neural Crest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"Citation":"Litsiou, A., Hanson, S. and Streit, A. (2005). A balance of FGF, BMP and WNT signalling positions the future placode territory in the head. Development 132, 4051-4062.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16093325"}]}},{"Citation":"Mancilla, A. and Mayor, R. (1996). Neural crest formation in Xenopus laevis: mechanisms of Xslug induction. Dev. Biol. 177, 580-589.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8806833"}]}},{"Citation":"Marchant, L., Linker, C., Ruiz, P., Guerrero, N. and Mayor, R. (1998). The inductive properties of mesoderm suggest that the neural crest cells are specified by a BMP gradient. Dev. Biol. 198, 319-329.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9659936"}]}},{"Citation":"Mayor, R. and Aybar, M. J. (2001). Induction and development of neural crest in Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Res. 305, 203-209.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11545257"}]}},{"Citation":"Mayor, R., Morgan, R. and Sargent, M. G. (1995). Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus. Development 121, 767-777.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7720581"}]}},{"Citation":"Mayor, R., Young, R. and Vargas, A. (1999). Development of neural crest in Xenopus. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 43, 85-113.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9891884"}]}},{"Citation":"McGrew, L. L., Takemaru, K., Bates, R. and Moon, R. T. (1999). Direct regulation of the Xenopus engrailed-2 promoter by the Wnt signaling pathway, and a molecular screen for Wnt-responsive genes, confirm a role for Wnt signaling during neural patterning in Xenopus. Mech. Dev. 87, 21-32.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10495268"}]}},{"Citation":"Meulemans, D. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2004). Gene-regulatory interactions in neural crest evolution and development. Dev. Cell 7, 291-299.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15363405"}]}},{"Citation":"Millet, S., Campbell, K., Epstein, D. J., Losos, K., Harris, E. and Joyner, A. L. (1999). A role for Gbx2 in repression of Otx2 and positioning the mid\/hindbrain organizer. Nature 401, 161-164.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10490024"}]}},{"Citation":"Mizuseki, K., Kishi, M., Matsui, M., Nakanishi, S. and Sasai, Y. (1998). Xenopus Zic-related-1 and Sox-2, two factors induced by chordin, have distinct activities in the initiation of neural induction. Development 125, 579-587.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9435279"}]}},{"Citation":"Monsoro-Burq, A. H., Fletcher, R. B. and Harland, R. M. (2003). Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals. Development 130, 3111-3124.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12783784"}]}},{"Citation":"Monsoro-Burq, A. H., Wang, E. and Harland, R. (2005). Msx1 and Pax3 cooperate to mediate FGF8 and WNT signals during Xenopus neural crest induction. Dev. Cell 8, 167-178.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15691759"}]}},{"Citation":"Nakata, K., Nagai, T., Aruga, J. and Mikoshiba, K. (1998). Xenopus Zic family and its role in neural and neural crest development. Mech. Dev. 75, 43-51.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9739105"}]}},{"Citation":"Nguyen, V. H., Schmid, B., Trout, J., Connors, S. A., Ekker, M. and Mullins, M. C. (1998). Ventral and lateral regions of the zebrafish gastrula, including the neural crest progenitors, are established by a bmp2b\/swirl pathway of genes. Dev. Biol. 199, 93-110.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9676195"}]}},{"Citation":"Nieto, M. A., Sargent, M. G., Wilkinson, D. G. and Cooke, J. (1994). Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc finger gene. Science 264, 835-839.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7513443"}]}},{"Citation":"Nieuwkoop, P. and Faber, J. (1967). Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company."},{"Citation":"Nieuwkoop, P. D. (1952). Activation and organization of the central nervous system in amphibians. Part III. Synthesis of a new working hypothesis. J. Exp. Zool. 120, 83-108."},{"Citation":"Pandur, P. D. and Moody, S. A. (2000). Xenopus Six1 gene is expressed in neurogenic cranial placodes and maintained in the differentiating lateral lines. Mech. Dev. 96, 253-257.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10960794"}]}},{"Citation":"Papalopulu, N. and Kintner, C. (1996). A posteriorising factor, retinoic acid, reveals that anteroposterior patterning controls the timing of neuronal differentiation in Xenopus neuroectoderm. Development 122, 3409-3418.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8951057"}]}},{"Citation":"Raven, C. P. and Kloos, J. (1945). Induction by medial and lateral pieces of the archenteron roof with special reference to the determination of the neural crest. Acta. Neerl. Morphol. 5, 348-362."},{"Citation":"Richter, K., Grunz, H. and Dawid, I. B. (1988). Gene expression in the embryonic nervous system of Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 8086-8090.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC282359"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"3186710"}]}},{"Citation":"Richter, K., Good, P. J. and Dawid, I. B. (1990). A developmentally regulated, nervous system-specific gene in Xenopus encodes a putative RNA-binding protein. New Biol. 2, 556-565.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"1708282"}]}},{"Citation":"Rohr, K. B., Schulte-Merker, S. and Tautz, D. (1999). Zebrafish zic1 expression in brain and somites is affected by BMP and hedgehog signalling. Mech. Dev. 85, 147-159.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10415355"}]}},{"Citation":"Saint-Jeannet, J. P., He, X., Varmus, H. E. and Dawid, I. B. (1997). Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13713-13718.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC28371"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9391091"}]}},{"Citation":"Sasai, N., Mizuseki, K. and Sasai, Y. (2001). Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus. Development 128, 2525-2536.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11493569"}]}},{"Citation":"Sato, T., Sasai, N. and Sasai, Y. (2005). Neural crest determination by co-activation of Pax3 and Zic1 genes in Xenopus ectoderm. Development 132, 2355-2363.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15843410"}]}},{"Citation":"Sauka-Spengler, T. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (2008). A gene regulatory network orchestrates neural crest formation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9, 557-568.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18523435"}]}},{"Citation":"Schlosser, G. (2006). Induction and specification of cranial placodes. Dev. Biol. 294, 303-351.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16677629"}]}},{"Citation":"Selleck, M. A. and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1996). The genesis of avian neural crest cells: a classic embryonic induction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9352-9357.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC38431"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8790333"}]}},{"Citation":"Simeone, A. (2000). Positioning the isthmic organizer where Otx2 and Gbx2meet. Trends Genet. 16, 237-240.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10827447"}]}},{"Citation":"Sokol, S. Y. (1996). Analysis of Dishevelled signalling pathways during Xenopus development. Curr. Biol. 6, 1456-1467.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8939601"}]}},{"Citation":"Steventon, B., Carmona-Fontaine, C. and Mayor, R. (2005). Genetic network during neural crest induction: from cell specification to cell survival. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16, 647-654.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16084743"}]}},{"Citation":"Steventon, B., Araya, C., Linker, C., Kuriyama, S. and Mayor, R. (2009). Differential requirements of BMP and Wnt signalling during gastrulation and neurulation define two steps in neural crest induction. Development 136, 771-779.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2685944"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19176585"}]}},{"Citation":"Stewart, D., Tomita, A., Shi, Y.-B. and Wong, J. (2006). Chromatin immunoprecipitation for studying transcriptional regulation in Xenopus oocytes and tadpoles. In Xenopus Protocols: Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Methods in Molecular Biology Vol. 322 (ed. X. J. Liu), pp. 165-181. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16739723"}]}},{"Citation":"Streit, A. (2004). Early development of the cranial sensory nervous system: from a common field to individual placodes. Dev. Biol. 276, 1-15.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15531360"}]}},{"Citation":"Streit, A. and Stern, C. D. (1999). Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick: involvement of FGF and BMP activity. Mech. Dev. 82, 51-66.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10354471"}]}},{"Citation":"Strigini, M. and Cohen, S. M. (1999). Formation of morphogen gradients in the Drosophila wing. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 335-344.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10441548"}]}},{"Citation":"Suzuki, A., Ueno, N. and Hemmati-Brivanlou, A. (1997). Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4. Development 124, 3037-3044.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9272945"}]}},{"Citation":"Tada, M. and Smith, J. C. (2000). Xwnt11 is a target of Xenopus Brachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway. Development 127, 2227-2238.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10769246"}]}},{"Citation":"Takabatake, Y., Takabatake, T., Sasagawa, S. and Takeshima, K. (2002). Conserved expression control and shared activity between cognate T-box genes Tbx2 and Tbx3 in connection with Sonic hedgehog signaling during Xenopus eye development. Dev. Growth Differ. 44, 257-271.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12175361"}]}},{"Citation":"Tribulo, C., Aybar, M. J., Nguyen, V. H., Mullins, M. C. and Mayor, R. (2003). Regulation of Msx genes by a Bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification. Development 130, 6441-6452.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"14627721"}]}},{"Citation":"Tribulo, C., Aybar, M. J., Sanchez, S. S. and Mayor, R. (2004). A balance between the anti-apoptotic activity of Slug and the apoptotic activity of msx1 is required for the proper development of the neural crest. Dev. Biol. 275, 325-342.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15501222"}]}},{"Citation":"Tropepe, V., Li, S., Dickinson, A., Gamse, J. T. and Sive, H. L. (2006). Identification of a BMP inhibitor-responsive promoter module required for expression of the early neural gene zic1. Dev. Biol. 289, 517-529.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16307736"}]}},{"Citation":"Vallin, J., Thuret, R., Giacomello, E., Faraldo, M. M., Thiery, J. P. and Broders, F. (2001). Cloning and characterization of three Xenopus slug promoters reveal direct regulation by Lef\/beta-catenin signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 30350-30358.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11402039"}]}},{"Citation":"Villanueva, S., Glavic, A., Ruiz, P. and Mayor, R. (2002). Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction. Dev. Biol. 241, 289-301.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11784112"}]}},{"Citation":"von Bubnoff, A., Schmidt, J. E. and Kimelman, D. (1996). The Xenopus laevis homeobox gene Xgbx-2 is an early marker of anteroposterior patterning in the ectoderm. Mech. Dev. 54, 149-160.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8652408"}]}},{"Citation":"Wu, J., Yang, J. and Klein, P. S. (2005). Neural crest induction by the canonical Wnt pathway can be dissociated from anterior-posterior neural patterning in Xenopus. Dev. Biol. 279, 220-232.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15708570"}]}},{"Citation":"Wurst, W. and Bally-Cuif, L. (2001). Neural plate patterning: upstream and downstream of the isthmic organizer. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 99-108.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11253000"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhao, H., Tanegashima, K., Ro, H. and Dawid, I. B. (2008). Lrig3 regulates neural crest formation in Xenopus by modulating Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways. Development 135, 1283-1293.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2749967"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18287203"}]}}]}]}}}