{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Manual"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"23307071"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2013","Month":"11","Day":"04"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2024","Month":"05","Day":"25"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print-Electronic"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1420-9071"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"70","Issue":"18","PubDate":{"Year":"2013","Month":"Sep"}},"Title":"Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS","ISOAbbreviation":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},"ArticleTitle":"Novel mechanisms that pattern and shape the midbrain-hindbrain boundary.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"3365","EndPage":"3374","MedlinePgn":"3365-74"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1240-x"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) is a highly conserved vertebrate signalling centre, acting to pattern and establish neural identities within the brain. While the core signalling pathways regulating MHB formation have been well defined, novel genetic and mechanistic processes that interact with these core components are being uncovered, helping to further elucidate the complicated networks governing MHB specification, patterning and shaping. Although formation of the MHB organiser is traditionally thought of as comprising three stages, namely positioning, induction and maintenance, we propose that a fourth stage, morphogenesis, should be considered as an additional stage in MHB formation. This review will examine evidence for novel factors regulating the first three stages of MHB development and will explore the evidence for regulation of MHB morphogenesis by non-classical MHB-patterning genes."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Dworkin","ForeName":"Sebastian","Initials":"S","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. sebastian.dworkin@monash.edu"}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Jane","ForeName":"Stephen M","Initials":"SM"}]},"Language":["eng"],"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2013","Month":"01","Day":"10"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"Switzerland","MedlineTA":"Cell Mol Life Sci","NlmUniqueID":"9705402","ISSNLinking":"1420-682X"},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019521","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Body Patterning"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018507","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008636","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mesencephalon"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000033","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"anatomy & histology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008959","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Models, Neurological"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009024","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Morphogenesis"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D012249","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Rhombencephalon"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000033","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"anatomy & histology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015398","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Signal Transduction"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015027","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Zebrafish"}}]}},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2012","Month":"9","Day":"17"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2012","Month":"12","Day":"10"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"revised"},"Year":"2012","Month":"11","Day":"18"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2013","Month":"1","Day":"12","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2013","Month":"1","Day":"12","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2013","Month":"11","Day":"5","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2013","Month":"1","Day":"10"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23307071"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11113640"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1240-x"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Hirth F. On the origin and evolution of the tripartite brain. Brain Behav Evol. 2010;76(1):3\u201310. doi: 10.1159\/000320218.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1159\/000320218"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"20926853"}]}},{"Citation":"Lowery LA, Sive H. Totally tubular: the mystery behind function and origin of the brain ventricular system. BioEssays: news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. 2009;31(4):446\u2013458. doi: 10.1002\/bies.200800207.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/bies.200800207"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3003255"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19274662"}]}},{"Citation":"Echelard Y, et al. Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell. 1993;75(7):1417\u20131430. doi: 10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90627-3.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90627-3"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7916661"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee KJ, Jessell TM. The specification of dorsal cell fates in the vertebrate central nervous system. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1999;22:261\u2013294. doi: 10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.261.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.261"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10202540"}]}},{"Citation":"Marin F, Puelles L. Patterning of the embryonic avian midbrain after experimental inversions: a polarizing activity from the isthmus. Dev Biol. 1994;163(1):19\u201337. doi: 10.1006\/dbio.1994.1120.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1120"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8174775"}]}},{"Citation":"Martinez S, et al. Induction of ectopic engrailed expression and fate change in avian rhombomeres: intersegmental boundaries as barriers. Mech Dev. 1995;51(2\u20133):289\u2013303. doi: 10.1016\/0925-4773(95)00376-2.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/0925-4773(95)00376-2"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7547475"}]}},{"Citation":"Martinez S, Wassef M, Alvarado-Mallart RM. Induction of a mesencephalic phenotype in the 2-day-old chick prosencephalon is preceded by the early expression of the homeobox gene en. Neuron. 1991;6(6):971\u2013981. doi: 10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90237-T.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90237-T"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"1675863"}]}},{"Citation":"Alvarado-Mallart RM. The chick\/quail transplantation model: discovery of the isthmic organizer center, brain research. Brain Res Rev. 2005;49(2):109\u2013113. doi: 10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.03.001.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.03.001"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16111542"}]}},{"Citation":"Rhinn M, Brand M. The midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary organizer. Curr Opinion Neurobiol. 2001;11(1):34\u201342. doi: 10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00171-9.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00171-9"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11179870"}]}},{"Citation":"Joyner AL, Liu A, Millet S. Otx2, Gbx2 and Fgf8 interact to position and maintain a mid-hindbrain organizer. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000;12(6):736\u2013741. doi: 10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00161-7.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00161-7"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11063941"}]}},{"Citation":"Broccoli V, Boncinelli E, Wurst W. The caudal limit of Otx2 expression positions the isthmic organizer. Nature. 1999;401(6749):164\u2013168. doi: 10.1038\/43670.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/43670"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10490025"}]}},{"Citation":"Simeone A. Positioning the isthmic organizer where Otx2 and Gbx2meet. Trends Genetics : TIG. 2000;16(6):237\u2013240. doi: 10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02000-X.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02000-X"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10827447"}]}},{"Citation":"Brand M, et al. Mutations in zebrafish genes affecting the formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain. Development. 1996;123:179\u2013190.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9007239"}]}},{"Citation":"Picker A, et al. A novel positive transcriptional feedback loop in midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary development is revealed through analysis of the zebrafish pax2.1 promoter in transgenic lines. Development. 2002;129(13):3227\u20133239.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12070097"}]}},{"Citation":"Borello U, Pierani A. Patterning the cerebral cortex: traveling with morphogens. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2010;20(4):408\u2013415. doi: 10.1016\/j.gde.2010.05.003.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.gde.2010.05.003"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"20542680"}]}},{"Citation":"Wurst W, Bally-Cuif L. Neural plate patterning: upstream and downstream of the isthmic organizer. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2001;2(2):99\u2013108. doi: 10.1038\/35053516.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/35053516"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11253000"}]}},{"Citation":"Hidalgo-Sanchez M, et al. Specification of the meso-isthmo-cerebellar region: the Otx2\/Gbx2 boundary. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005;49(2):134\u2013149. doi: 10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.01.010.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.01.010"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16111544"}]}},{"Citation":"Barkovich AJ, Millen KJ, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for midbrain\u2013hindbrain malformations. Brain J Neurol. 2009;132(Pt 12):3199\u20133230. doi: 10.1093\/brain\/awp247.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1093\/brain\/awp247"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2792369"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19933510"}]}},{"Citation":"Wallingford JB. Planar cell polarity, ciliogenesis and neural tube defects. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(Spec No 2):R227\u2013R234.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16987888"}]}},{"Citation":"Rhinn M, et al. Positioning of the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary organizer through global posteriorization of the neuroectoderm mediated by Wnt8 signaling. Development. 2005;132(6):1261\u20131272. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01685.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01685"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15703279"}]}},{"Citation":"Klingensmith J, et al. Neural induction and patterning in the mouse in the absence of the node and its derivatives. Dev Biol. 1999;216(2):535\u2013549. doi: 10.1006\/dbio.1999.9525.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9525"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10642791"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu A, Joyner AL. EN and GBX2 play essential roles downstream of FGF8 in patterning the mouse mid\/hindbrain region. Development. 2001;128(2):181\u2013191.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11124114"}]}},{"Citation":"Sato T, Joyner AL. The duration of Fgf8 isthmic organizer expression is key to patterning different tectal-isthmo-cerebellum structures. Development. 2009;136(21):3617\u20133626. doi: 10.1242\/dev.041210.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.041210"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2761110"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19793884"}]}},{"Citation":"Li JY, Joyner AL. Otx2 and Gbx2 are required for refinement and not induction of mid-hindbrain gene expression. Development. 2001;128(24):4979\u20134991.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11748135"}]}},{"Citation":"Agoston Z, Schulte D. Meis2 competes with the Groucho co-repressor Tle4 for binding to Otx2 and specifies tectal fate without induction of a secondary midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary organizer. Development. 2009;136(19):3311\u20133322. doi: 10.1242\/dev.037770.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.037770"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19736326"}]}},{"Citation":"Jungbluth S, et al. Cell mixing between the embryonic midbrain and hindbrain. Curr Biol. 2001;11(3):204\u2013207. doi: 10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00049-5.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00049-5"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11231158"}]}},{"Citation":"Langenberg T, Brand M. Lineage restriction maintains a stable organizer cell population at the zebrafish midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary. Development. 2005;132(14):3209\u20133216. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01862.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01862"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15958515"}]}},{"Citation":"Tallafuss A, Bally-Cuif L. Tracing of her5 progeny in zebrafish transgenics reveals the dynamics of midbrain\u2013hindbrain neurogenesis and maintenance. Development. 2003;130(18):4307\u20134323. doi: 10.1242\/dev.00662.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.00662"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12900448"}]}},{"Citation":"Tossell K, et al. Lrrn1 is required for formation of the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary and organiser through regulation of affinity differences between midbrain and hindbrain cells in chick. Dev Biol. 2011;352(2):341\u2013352. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.02.002.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.02.002"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3084456"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21315708"}]}},{"Citation":"Holland LZ, Short S. Gene duplication, co-option and recruitment during the origin of the vertebrate brain from the invertebrate chordate brain. Brain Behav Evol. 2008;72(2):91\u2013105. doi: 10.1159\/000151470.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1159\/000151470"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18836256"}]}},{"Citation":"Glavic A, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Mayor R. The homeoprotein Xiro1 is required for midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary formation. Development. 2002;129(7):1609\u20131621.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11923198"}]}},{"Citation":"Crossley PH, Martinez S, Martin GR. Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo. Nature. 1996;380(6569):66\u201368. doi: 10.1038\/380066a0.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/380066a0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8598907"}]}},{"Citation":"Reifers F, et al. Fgf8 is mutated in zebrafish acerebellar (ace) mutants and is required for maintenance of midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary development and somitogenesis. Development. 1998;125(13):2381\u20132395.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9609821"}]}},{"Citation":"Leucht C, et al. MicroRNA-9 directs late organizer activity of the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary. Nat Neurosci. 2008;11(6):641\u2013648. doi: 10.1038\/nn.2115.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/nn.2115"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18454145"}]}},{"Citation":"Geling A, et al. bHLH transcription factor Her5 links patterning to regional inhibition of neurogenesis at the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary. Development. 2003;130(8):1591\u20131604. doi: 10.1242\/dev.00375.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.00375"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12620984"}]}},{"Citation":"Chi CL, et al. The isthmic organizer signal FGF8 is required for cell survival in the prospective midbrain and cerebellum. Development. 2003;130(12):2633\u20132644. doi: 10.1242\/dev.00487.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.00487"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12736208"}]}},{"Citation":"Badde A, Schulte D. A role for receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase lambda in midbrain development. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci. 2008;28(24):6152\u20136164. doi: 10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5593-07.2008.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5593-07.2008"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6670526"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18550757"}]}},{"Citation":"Itoh M, et al. A role for iro1 and iro7 in the establishment of an anteroposterior compartment of the ectoderm adjacent to the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary. Development. 2002;129(10):2317\u20132327.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11973265"}]}},{"Citation":"Tossell K, et al. Notch signalling stabilises boundary formation at the midbrain\u2013hindbrain organiser. Development. 2011;138(17):3745\u20133757. doi: 10.1242\/dev.070318.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.070318"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3152928"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21795283"}]}},{"Citation":"Sugiyama S, Funahashi J, Nakamura H. Antagonizing activity of chick Grg4 against tectum-organizing activity. Dev Biol. 2000;221(1):168\u2013180. doi: 10.1006\/dbio.2000.9643.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9643"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10772799"}]}},{"Citation":"Shinga J, et al. Early patterning of the prospective midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary by the HES-related gene XHR1 in Xenopus embryos. Mech Dev. 2001;109(2):225\u2013239. doi: 10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00528-7.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00528-7"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11731236"}]}},{"Citation":"Canning CA, et al. Sustained interactive Wnt and FGF signaling is required to maintain isthmic identity. Dev Biol. 2007;305(1):276\u2013286. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.02.009.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.02.009"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17383629"}]}},{"Citation":"Wittmann DM, et al. Spatial analysis of expression patterns predicts genetic interactions at the mid-hindbrain boundary. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5(11):e1000569. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000569.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000569"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2774268"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19936059"}]}},{"Citation":"Dworkin S, et al. Midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary patterning and morphogenesis are regulated by diverse grainy head-like 2-dependent pathways. Development. 2012;139(3):525\u2013536. doi: 10.1242\/dev.066522.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.066522"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22223680"}]}},{"Citation":"Nakamura H, Sato T, Suzuki-Hirano A. Isthmus organizer for mesencephalon and metencephalon. Dev Growth Differ. 2008;50(Suppl 1):S113\u2013S118. doi: 10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2008.00995.x.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2008.00995.x"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18494704"}]}},{"Citation":"Suzuki-Hirano A, Sato T, Nakamura H. Regulation of isthmic Fgf8 signal by sprouty2. Development. 2005;132(2):257\u2013265. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01581.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01581"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15590739"}]}},{"Citation":"Kim M, McGinnis W. Phosphorylation of Grainy head by ERK is essential for wound-dependent regeneration but not for development of an epidermal barrier. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(2):650\u2013655. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1016386108.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1073\/pnas.1016386108"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3021071"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21187384"}]}},{"Citation":"Buckles GR, et al. Combinatorial Wnt control of zebrafish midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary formation. Mech Dev. 2004;121(5):437\u2013447. doi: 10.1016\/j.mod.2004.03.026.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.mod.2004.03.026"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15147762"}]}},{"Citation":"Adams KA, et al. The transcription factor Lmx1b maintains Wnt1 expression within the isthmic organizer. Development. 2000;127(9):1857\u20131867.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10751174"}]}},{"Citation":"O\u2019Hara FP, et al. Zebrafish Lmx1b.1 and Lmx1b.2 are required for maintenance of the isthmic organizer. Development. 2005;132(14):3163\u20133173. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01898.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01898"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1361118"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15944182"}]}},{"Citation":"Guo C, et al. Lmx1b is essential for Fgf8 and Wnt1 expression in the isthmic organizer during tectum and cerebellum development in mice. Development. 2007;134(2):317\u2013325. doi: 10.1242\/dev.02745.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.02745"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17166916"}]}},{"Citation":"Erickson T, et al. Pbx proteins cooperate with Engrailed to pattern the midbrain\u2013hindbrain and diencephalic-mesencephalic boundaries. Developmental biology. 2007;301(2):504\u2013517. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.08.022.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.08.022"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1850147"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16959235"}]}},{"Citation":"Koike S, et al. Autotaxin is required for the cranial neural tube closure and establishment of the midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary during mouse development. Dev Dyn Off Publ Am Assoc Anat. 2011;240(2):413\u2013421.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21246658"}]}},{"Citation":"Belting HG, et al. spiel ohne grenzen\/pou2 is required during establishment of the zebrafish midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary organizer. Development. 2001;128(21):4165\u20134176.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4027960"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11684654"}]}},{"Citation":"Bouchard M, et al. Identification of Pax2-regulated genes by expression profiling of the mid-hindbrain organizer region. Development. 2005;132(11):2633\u20132643. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01833.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01833"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15872005"}]}},{"Citation":"Xu J, Liu Z, Ornitz DM. Temporal and spatial gradients of Fgf8 and Fgf17 regulate proliferation and differentiation of midline cerebellar structures. Development. 2000;127(9):1833\u20131843.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10751172"}]}},{"Citation":"Xu FX, Chye ML. Expression of cysteine proteinase during developmental events associated with programmed cell death in brinjal. Plant J Cell Mol Biol. 1999;17(3):321\u2013327. doi: 10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1999.00370.x.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1999.00370.x"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10097390"}]}},{"Citation":"Panhuysen M, et al. Effects of Wnt1 signaling on proliferation in the developing mid-\/hindbrain region. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2004;26(1):101\u2013111. doi: 10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.01.011.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2004.01.011"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15121182"}]}},{"Citation":"Sgado P, et al. Slow progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in postnatal Engrailed mutant mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(41):15242\u201315247. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0602116103.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1073\/pnas.0602116103"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1622807"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17015829"}]}},{"Citation":"Alavian KN, et al. Elevated P75NTR expression causes death of engrailed-deficient midbrain dopaminergic neurons by Erk1\/2 suppression. Neural Dev. 2009;4:11. doi: 10.1186\/1749-8104-4-11.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/1749-8104-4-11"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2667502"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19291307"}]}},{"Citation":"Radice GL, et al. Developmental defects in mouse embryos lacking N-cadherin. Dev Biol. 1997;181(1):64\u201378. doi: 10.1006\/dbio.1996.8443.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.8443"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"9015265"}]}},{"Citation":"Lele Z, et al. parachute\/n-cadherin is required for morphogenesis and maintained integrity of the zebrafish neural tube. Development. 2002;129(14):3281\u20133294.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12091300"}]}},{"Citation":"Dworkin S, et al. CREB activity modulates neural cell proliferation, midbrain\u2013hindbrain organization and patterning in zebrafish. Dev Biol. 2007;307(1):127\u2013141. doi: 10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.04.026.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.04.026"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17531969"}]}},{"Citation":"Giraldez AJ, et al. MicroRNAs regulate brain morphogenesis in zebrafish. Science. 2005;308(5723):833\u2013838. doi: 10.1126\/science.1109020.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1126\/science.1109020"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15774722"}]}},{"Citation":"Gutzman JH, et al. Formation of the zebrafish midbrain\u2013hindbrain boundary constriction requires laminin-dependent basal constriction. Mech Dev. 2008;125(11\u201312):974\u2013983. doi: 10.1016\/j.mod.2008.07.004.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.mod.2008.07.004"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2780020"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18682291"}]}},{"Citation":"Lowery LA, Sive H. Initial formation of zebrafish brain ventricles occurs independently of circulation and requires the nagie oko and snakehead\/atp1a1a.1 gene products. Development. 2005;132(9):2057\u20132067. doi: 10.1242\/dev.01791.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/dev.01791"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15788456"}]}},{"Citation":"Pirone DM, Fukuhara S, Gutkind JS, Burbelo PD. SPECs, small binding proteins for Cdc42. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(30):22650\u201322656.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"10816584"}]}},{"Citation":"Ching KH, Kisailus AE, Burbelo PD. The role of SPECs, small Cdc42-binding proteins, in F-actin accumulation at the immunological synapse. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(25):23660\u201323667.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15840583"}]}},{"Citation":"Ching KH, Kisailus AE, Burbelo PD. Biochemical characterization of distinct regions of SPEC molecules and their role in phagocytosis. Exp Cell Res. 2007;313(1):10\u201321.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17045588"}]}},{"Citation":"Mullins MC, et al. Large-scale mutagenesis in the zebrafish: in search of genes controlling development in a vertebrate. Curr Biol. 1994;4(3):189\u2013202. doi: 10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00048-8.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00048-8"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"7922324"}]}},{"Citation":"Kudoh T, et al. A gene expression screen in zebrafish embryogenesis. Genome Res. 2001;11(12):1979\u20131987. doi: 10.1101\/gr.209601.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1101\/gr.209601"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11731487"}]}},{"Citation":"Thisse B, Thisse C (2004) Fast Release Clones: A High Throughput Expression Analysis. ZFIN Direct Data Submission (http:\/\/zfin.org)"}]}]}}}