{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Manual"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"23334497"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2013","Month":"03","Day":"29"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2021","Month":"10","Day":"21"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print-Electronic"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1476-4679"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"15","Issue":"2","PubDate":{"Year":"2013","Month":"Feb"}},"Title":"Nature cell biology","ISOAbbreviation":"Nat Cell Biol"},"ArticleTitle":"Direct lineage reprogramming of post-mitotic callosal neurons into corticofugal neurons in vivo.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"214","EndPage":"221","MedlinePgn":"214-21"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1038\/ncb2660"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Once programmed to acquire a specific identity and function, cells rarely change in vivo. Neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) in particular are a classic example of a stable, terminally differentiated cell type. With the exception of the adult neurogenic niches, where a limited set of neuronal subtypes continue to be generated throughout life, CNS neurons are born only during embryonic and early postnatal development. Once generated, neurons become permanently post-mitotic and do not change their identity for the lifespan of the organism. Here, we have investigated whether excitatory neurons of the neocortex can be instructed to directly reprogram their identity post-mitotically from one subtype into another, in vivo. We show that embryonic and early postnatal callosal projection neurons of layer II\/III can be post-mitotically lineage reprogrammed into layer-V\/VI corticofugal projection neurons following expression of the transcription factor encoded by Fezf2. Reprogrammed callosal neurons acquire molecular properties of corticofugal projection neurons and change their axonal connectivity from interhemispheric, intracortical projections to corticofugal projections directed below the cortex. The data indicate that during a window of post-mitotic development neurons can change their identity, acquiring critical features of alternative neuronal lineages."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Rouaux","ForeName":"Caroline","Initials":"C","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Arlotta","ForeName":"Paola","Initials":"P"}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"R01 NS062849","Acronym":"NS","Agency":"NINDS NIH HHS","Country":"United States"},{"GrantID":"R01 NS073124","Acronym":"NS","Agency":"NINDS NIH HHS","Country":"United States"},{"GrantID":"NS062849","Acronym":"NS","Agency":"NINDS NIH HHS","Country":"United States"}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D052061"},"@text":"Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D013485"},"@text":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2013","Month":"01","Day":"20"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"England","MedlineTA":"Nat Cell Biol","NlmUniqueID":"100890575","ISSNLinking":"1465-7392"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015415"},"@text":"Biomarkers"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004268"},"@text":"DNA-Binding Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009419"},"@text":"Nerve Tissue Proteins"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C412364"},"@text":"Zfp312 protein, mouse"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000831","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals, Newborn"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001369","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Axons"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015415","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Biomarkers"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019070","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Cell Lineage"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D054338","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Cell Transdifferentiation"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D065150","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Cellular Reprogramming"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D003337","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Corpus Callosum"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004268","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"DNA-Binding Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018274","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Electroporation"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018507","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D053263","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gene Regulatory Networks"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D018014","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gene Transfer Techniques"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005865","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Gestational Age"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Mice"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008938","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Mitosis"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D019579","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Neocortex"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000196","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"embryology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009419","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Nerve Tissue Proteins"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009434","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Neural Pathways"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009474","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Neurons"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"physiology"}]}]}},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2012","Month":"10","Day":"19"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2012","Month":"11","Day":"26"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2013","Month":"1","Day":"22","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2013","Month":"1","Day":"22","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2013","Month":"3","Day":"30","Hour":"6","Minute":"0"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2014","Month":"8","Day":"1"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23334497"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"mid"},"@text":"NIHMS586092"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4118591"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/ncb2660"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"ncb2660"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Waddington 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