{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Curated"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"39663457"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2025","Month":"04","Day":"27"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"27"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print-Electronic"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1476-4687"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"637","Issue":"8048","PubDate":{"Year":"2025","Month":"Jan"}},"Title":"Nature","ISOAbbreviation":"Nature"},"ArticleTitle":"Native DGC structure rationalizes muscular dystrophy-causing mutations.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"1261","EndPage":"1271","MedlinePgn":"1261-1271"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08324-w"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive disorder marked by progressive muscle wasting leading to premature mortality<sup>1,2<\/sup>. Discovery of the DMD gene encoding dystrophin both revealed the cause of DMD and helped identify a family of at least ten dystrophin-associated proteins at the muscle cell membrane, collectively forming the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC)<sup>3-9<\/sup>. The DGC links the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, but, despite its importance, its molecular architecture has remained elusive. Here we determined the native cryo-electron microscopy structure of rabbit DGC and conducted biochemical analyses to reveal its intricate molecular configuration. An unexpected \u03b2-helix comprising \u03b2-, \u03b3- and \u03b4-sarcoglycan forms an extracellular platform that interacts with \u03b1-dystroglycan, \u03b2-dystroglycan and \u03b1-sarcoglycan, allowing \u03b1-dystroglycan to contact the extracellular matrix. In the membrane, sarcospan anchors \u03b2-dystroglycan to the \u03b2-, \u03b3- and \u03b4-sarcoglycan trimer, while in the cytoplasm, \u03b2-dystroglycan's juxtamembrane fragment binds dystrophin's ZZ domain. Through these interactions, the DGC links laminin 2 to intracellular actin. Additionally, dystrophin's WW domain, along with its EF-hand 1 domain, interacts with \u03b1-dystrobrevin. A disease-causing mutation mapping to the WW domain weakens this interaction, as confirmed by deletion of the WW domain in biochemical assays. Our findings rationalize more than 110 mutations affecting single residues associated with various muscular dystrophy subtypes and contribute to ongoing therapeutic developments, including protein restoration, upregulation of compensatory genes and gene replacement."],"CopyrightInformation":"\u00a9 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y","EqualContrib":"Y"},"LastName":"Liu","ForeName":"Shiheng","Initials":"S","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-0561-1981"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"Affiliation":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y","EqualContrib":"Y"},"LastName":"Su","ForeName":"Tiantian","Initials":"T","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-9412-5503"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"Affiliation":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y","EqualContrib":"Y"},"LastName":"Xia","ForeName":"Xian","Initials":"X","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0001-9833-5017"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"Affiliation":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Zhou","ForeName":"Z Hong","Initials":"ZH","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-8373-4717"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Hong.Zhou@UCLA.edu."},{"Affiliation":"California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Hong.Zhou@UCLA.edu."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"R01 GM071940","Acronym":"GM","Agency":"NIGMS NIH HHS","Country":"United States"},{"GrantID":"S10 OD018111","Acronym":"OD","Agency":"NIH HHS","Country":"United States"},{"GrantID":"S10 RR023057","Acronym":"RR","Agency":"NCRR NIH HHS","Country":"United States"}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D052061"},"@text":"Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D013485"},"@text":"Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2024","Month":"12","Day":"11"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"England","MedlineTA":"Nature","NlmUniqueID":"0410462","ISSNLinking":"0028-0836"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"146888-27-9","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D049030"},"@text":"Dystroglycans"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016189"},"@text":"Dystrophin"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D007797"},"@text":"Laminin"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D049031"},"@text":"Sarcoglycans"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D011817","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Rabbits"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D020285","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Cryoelectron Microscopy"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D049030","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Dystroglycans"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000737","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"chemistry"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000648","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"ultrastructure"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016189","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Dystrophin"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000737","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"chemistry"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000648","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"ultrastructure"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005109","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Extracellular Matrix"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000737","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"chemistry"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D007797","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Laminin"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008958","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Models, Molecular"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D020388","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000235","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"genetics"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000473","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"pathology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D009154","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Mutation"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D049031","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Sarcoglycans"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000737","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"chemistry"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000648","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"ultrastructure"}]}]},"CoiStatement":"Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2024","Month":"6","Day":"26"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2024","Month":"10","Day":"31"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2025","Month":"1","Day":"30","Hour":"0","Minute":"19"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2024","Month":"12","Day":"12","Hour":"0","Minute":"24"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2024","Month":"12","Day":"11","Hour":"23","Minute":"30"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2026","Month":"1","Day":"1"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39663457"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"mid"},"@text":"NIHMS2061288"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11936492"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08324-w"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08324-w"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Hoffman EP, Brown RH Jr. &amp; Kunkel LM Dystrophin: the protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus. 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