{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Automated"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"40254779"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2025","Month":"04","Day":"21"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2025","Month":"04","Day":"24"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1536-7290"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"25","Issue":"5","PubDate":{"Year":"2025","Month":"May"}},"Title":"European journal of sport science","ISOAbbreviation":"Eur J Sport Sci"},"ArticleTitle":"Are Body Composition Estimates Affected by the Menstrual Cycle in Females With or Without Hormonal Contraception?-A Case-Control Study.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"e12283","MedlinePgn":"e12283"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"pii","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"e12283"},{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1002\/ejsc.12283"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Hormonal-induced water retention during the menstrual cycle (MC) may affect the estimates of body composition (BC) parameters depending on the MC phase if tissue hydration or volume is part of the BC analysis equations. Given this, MC phase-dependent changes of BC parameters might be expected within females for bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) or air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), whereas skin-fold calipometry (CAL) might not be affected. This study aimed to evaluate BC analyses during a regular MC by means of BIA and ADP with CAL serving as a control method in females with or without hormonal contraception with males serving as a control group. In a case-control design with repeated measurements, BC was determined using BIA, ADP, and CAL in 54 participants (age 18-33; BMI 17.0-27.8) divided into females using hormonal contraceptives (HC) (n\u00a0=\u00a019), females using no-hormonal contraceptives (no-HC) (n\u00a0=\u00a017), and males (n\u00a0=\u00a018). BC was assessed on four cycle-related days (menstruation, late follicular, ovulation, and late luteal). There were only small intraindividual BC variations during the MC (CV% 0.5-5.2) and neither significant time effects within any group (p\u00a0=\u00a00.065-0.939) nor significant time*group interactions (p\u00a0=\u00a00.151-0.956) for all devices (BIA, ADP, CAL) in any BC parameter. The results indicate that hormonal-induced water retention, if any, during MC had no effect on BC estimates of ADP, BIA, and CAL or were too small to be identified neither in females with HC nor in females with no-HC."],"CopyrightInformation":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). European Journal of Sport Science published by Wiley\u2010VCH GmbH on behalf of European College of Sport Science."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Stein-Br\u00fcggemann","ForeName":"Daniela","Initials":"D","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0003-4772-1350"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Schultz","ForeName":"Laura","Initials":"L","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Kiefer","ForeName":"Katharina Malin","Initials":"KM","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"F\u00fcrst","ForeName":"Jan","Initials":"J","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Reer","ForeName":"R\u00fcdiger","Initials":"R","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"University of Hamburg, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Hamburg, Germany."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Schr\u00f6der","ForeName":"Jan","Initials":"J","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"University of Hamburg, Faculty of Psychology and Movement Science, Hamburg, Germany."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"Germany","MedlineTA":"Eur J Sport Sci","NlmUniqueID":"101146739","ISSNLinking":"1536-7290"},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005260","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Female"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000328","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Adult"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001823","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Body Composition"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008597","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Menstrual Cycle"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D055815","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Young Adult"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016022","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Case-Control Studies"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000293","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Adolescent"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008297","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Male"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D017097","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Electric Impedance"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000080282","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Hormonal Contraception"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D010991","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Plethysmography"}}]},"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"air\u2010displacement plethysmography"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"bioelectrical impedance"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"body composition"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"caliper"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"eumenorrheic females"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"menstrual cycle"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"water retention"}]}],"CoiStatement":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"revised"},"Year":"2025","Month":"1","Day":"8"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2024","Month":"7","Day":"15"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2025","Month":"3","Day":"7"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"21","Hour":"6","Minute":"26"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"21","Hour":"6","Minute":"25"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"21","Hour":"0","Minute":"23"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"20"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"40254779"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC12009753"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/ejsc.12283"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Blagrove, R. 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