{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Automated"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"41405816"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Electronic"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1573-7365"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"41","Issue":"1","PubDate":{"Year":"2025","Month":"Dec","Day":"17"}},"Title":"Metabolic brain disease","ISOAbbreviation":"Metab Brain Dis"},"ArticleTitle":"GLUT1 and GLUT3 in brain glucose metabolism: mechanisms, regulation, and implications for metabolic disorders.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"3","MedlinePgn":"3"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01753-0"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["Brain energy metabolism primarily depends on glucose, which serves as the primary energy source for neuronal activity. Glucose entry into the brain is mediated by glucose transporters, the major isoforms of which are GLUT1 and GLUT3. GLUT1 is responsible for delivering glucose to the brain parenchyma, while GLUT3, with its high affinity for glucose, ensures glucose uptake by neurons. Growing evidence indicates that disturbed glucose metabolism is closely associated with impaired brain function and the progression of neurological diseases, and regulating these transporters may be a potential therapeutic strategy to restore metabolic balance. This review focuses on the current understanding of the functions and regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT3. We first examine their distribution and their distinct contributions to glucose utilization, then summarize how pathological factors such as ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation alter the expression and activity of these transporters. At the molecular level, we highlight the multiple signaling pathways involved in the regulation of glucose transporters. The PI3K\/Akt, HIF-1\u03b1, AMPK, and mTOR pathways, along with microRNA-mediated mechanisms, influence the expression and activity of GLUT1 or GLUT3, respectively, in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. We also discuss evidence for pathway crosstalk, including interactions between PI3K\/Akt, mTOR, and HIF-1\u03b1, as well as AMPK-mTOR coupling, which may provide additional regulatory insights. In summary, despite significant progress, critical gaps remain in linking upstream signaling to transporter dynamics and therapeutic effects. A deeper understanding of the regulatory networks underlying glucose metabolism will more accurately capture the complexity of disease-related metabolic regulation and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervening in glucose metabolism disorders."],"CopyrightInformation":"\u00a9 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Li","ForeName":"Xintong","Initials":"X","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Yang","ForeName":"Meng","Initials":"M","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"College of medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Wang","ForeName":"Tiantian","Initials":"T","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"College of medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Liu","ForeName":"Siyu","Initials":"S","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China."},{"Affiliation":"College of medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Han","ForeName":"Hua","Initials":"H","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-7042-5827"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"College of medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. hanhua@hljucm.edu.cn."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Dong","ForeName":"Peiliang","Initials":"P","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0003-2173-089X"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Institute of traditional Chinese medicine, Heilongjiang University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. dongpeiliang@hljucm.edu.cn."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"82474289","Agency":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","Country":""},{"GrantID":"82474289","Agency":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","Country":""},{"GrantID":"82474289","Agency":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","Country":""},{"GrantID":"82474289","Agency":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","Country":""},{"GrantID":"82474289","Agency":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","Country":""},{"GrantID":"LH2023H071","Agency":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","Country":""},{"GrantID":"LH2023H071","Agency":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","Country":""},{"GrantID":"LH2023H071","Agency":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","Country":""},{"GrantID":"LH2023H071","Agency":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","Country":""},{"GrantID":"LH2023H071","Agency":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","Country":""}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"United States","MedlineTA":"Metab Brain Dis","NlmUniqueID":"8610370","ISSNLinking":"0885-7490"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051274"},"@text":"Glucose Transporter Type 3"}},{"RegistryNumber":"IY9XDZ35W2","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005947"},"@text":"Glucose"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051272"},"@text":"Glucose Transporter Type 1"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C495687"},"@text":"SLC2A3 protein, human"}},{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"C495677"},"@text":"SLC2A1 protein, human"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051274","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Glucose Transporter Type 3"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D005947","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Glucose"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D051272","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Glucose Transporter Type 1"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D001921","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Brain"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000818","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Animals"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D008659","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Metabolic Diseases"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000378","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"metabolism"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D015398","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Signal Transduction"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004734","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Energy Metabolism"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]}]},"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Brain"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"GLUT-1"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"GLUT-3"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Glucose metabolism"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Glucose transporter"}]}],"CoiStatement":"Declarations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"17"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2025","Month":"11","Day":"11"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17","Hour":"13","Minute":"4"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17","Hour":"13","Minute":"3"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17","Hour":"11","Minute":"21"}]},"PublicationStatus":"epublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41405816"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01753-0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01753-0"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Ashrafi G, Ryan TA (2017) Glucose metabolism in nerve terminals. Curr Opin Neurobiol 45:156\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2017.03.007","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.03.007"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28605677"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"5675126"}]}},{"Citation":"Babenko VA, Varlamova EG, Saidova AA, Turovsky EA, Plotnikov EY (2024) Lactate protects neurons and astrocytes against ischemic injury by modulating Ca2\u2009+\u2009homeostasis and inflammatory response. FEBS J 291:1684\u20131698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.17051","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/febs.17051"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38226425"}]}},{"Citation":"Bache M, Rot S, Ke\u00dfler J et al (2015) mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced and stem cell-associated genes in human glioblastoma. Oncol Rep 33:3155\u20133161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/or.2015.3932","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3892\/or.2015.3932"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25963717"}]}},{"Citation":"Bakris GL, Fonseca VA, Sharma K, Wright EM (2009) Renal sodium\u2013glucose transport: role in diabetes mellitus and potential clinical implications. Kidney Int 75:1272\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2009.87","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/ki.2009.87"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19357717"}]}},{"Citation":"Beard E, Lengacher S, Dias S, Magistretti PJ, Finsterwald C (2021) Astrocytes as key regulators of brain energy metabolism: new therapeutic perspectives. Front Physiol 12:825816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.825816","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.825816"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35087428"}]}},{"Citation":"Bernis ME, Burkard H, Bremer AS et al (2025) The neuroprotective effects of caffeine in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia model are regulated through the AMPK\/mTOR pathway. Int J Biol Sci 21:251\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijbs.101087","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.7150\/ijbs.101087"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39744433"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11667826"}]}},{"Citation":"Beylerli O, Sufianova G, Shumadalova A, Zhang D, Gareev I (2022) MicroRNAs-mediated regulation of glucose transporter (GLUT) expression in glioblastoma. Noncoding RNA Res 7:205\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ncrna.2022.09.001","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2022.09.001"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36157351"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9467858"}]}},{"Citation":"Calvert JW, Cahill J, Yamaguchi-Okada M, Zhang JH (2006) Oxygen treatment after experimental hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats alters the expression of HIF-1alpha and its downstream target genes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 101:853\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00268.2006","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00268.2006"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16728520"}]}},{"Citation":"Carb\u00f3 R, Rodr\u00edguez E (2023) Relevance of sugar transport across the cell membrane. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24076085","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms24076085"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37511180"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10380459"}]}},{"Citation":"Chandel NS (2021) NADPH-The Forgotten Reducing Equivalent. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a040550","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040550"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34598925"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8485748"}]}},{"Citation":"Cheng ML, Yang CH, Wu PT et al (2023) Malonyl-CoA accumulation as a compensatory cytoprotective mechanism in cardiac cells in response to 7-Ketocholesterol-Induced. Growth Retard 24:4418"},{"Citation":"Cheng Z, Luo C, Guo Z (2020) LncRNA-XIST\/microRNA-126 sponge mediates cell proliferation and glucose metabolism through the IRS1\/PI3K\/Akt pathway in glioma. J Cell Biochem 121:2170\u20132183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.29440","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/jcb.29440"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31680298"}]}},{"Citation":"Chen SM, Chen HC, Chen SJ et al (2013) MicroRNA-495 inhibits proliferation of glioblastoma multiforme cells by downregulating cyclin-dependent kinase 6. World J Surg Oncol 11:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7819-11-87","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/1477-7819-11-87"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23594394"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"3655862"}]}},{"Citation":"Chen YJ, Mahieu NG, Huang X et al (2016) Lactate metabolism is associated with mammalian mitochondria. Nat Chem Biol 12:937\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nchembio.2172","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/nchembio.2172"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27618187"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"5069139"}]}},{"Citation":"Chun Y, Kim J (2021) AMPK-mTOR Signaling and Cellular Adaptations in Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22189765","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms22189765"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35008607"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8745416"}]}},{"Citation":"Dai DW, Lu Q, Wang LX et al (2013) Decreased miR-106a inhibits glioma cell glucose uptake and proliferation by targeting SLC2A3 in GBM. BMC Cancer 13:478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2407-13-478","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-478"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24124917"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"3853007"}]}},{"Citation":"Demidenko ZN, Blagosklonny MV (2011) The purpose of the HIF-1\/PHD feedback loop: to limit mTOR-induced HIF-1\u03b1. Cell Cycle 10:1557\u20131562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/cc.10.10.15789","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4161\/cc.10.10.15789"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21521942"}]}},{"Citation":"Deng D, Yan N (2016) GLUT, SGLT, and SWEET: structural and mechanistic investigations of the glucose transporters. Protein Sci 25:546\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pro.2858","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/pro.2858"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26650681"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"4815417"}]}},{"Citation":"Devraj K, Klinger ME, Myers RL, Mokashi A, Hawkins RA, Simpson IA (2011) GLUT-1 glucose transporters in the blood-brain barrier: differential phosphorylation. J Neurosci Res 89:1913\u20131925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.22738","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/jnr.22738"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21910135"}]}},{"Citation":"Dikalov S, Panov A, Dikalova A (2024) Critical role of mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism in normal cell function and pathological conditions. Int J Mol Sci 25:6498","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms25126498"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38928204"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11203650"}]}},{"Citation":"Dini S, Zakeri M, Ebrahimpour S, Dehghanian F, Esmaeili A (2021) Quercetin\u2011conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modulate glucose metabolism-related genes and miR-29 family in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Sci Rep 11:8618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-87687-w","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87687-w"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33883592"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8060416"}]}},{"Citation":"Dornbos D, Zwagerman N, Guo M et al (2013) Preischemic exercise reduces brain damage by ameliorating metabolic disorder in ischemia\/reperfusion injury. J Neurosci Res 91:818\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.23203","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/jnr.23203"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23553672"}]}},{"Citation":"Douard V, Ferraris RP (2008) Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295:E227-237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18398011"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"2652499"}]}},{"Citation":"El-Benhawy SA, Sakr OA, Fahmy EI et al (2022) Assessment of serum hypoxia biomarkers pre- and post-radiotherapy in patients with brain tumors. J Mol Neurosci 72:2303\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-022-02065-z","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02065-z"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36121548"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9726784"}]}},{"Citation":"Ennis K, Felt B, Georgieff MK, Rao R (2019) Early-life iron deficiency alters glucose transporter-1 expression in the adult rodent hippocampus. J Nutr 149:1660\u20131666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxz100","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz100"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31162576"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6736205"}]}},{"Citation":"Entezari M, Hashemi D, Taheriazam A et al (2022) AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: a pre-clinical and clinical investigation. Biomed Pharmacother 146:112563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112563","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112563"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35062059"}]}},{"Citation":"Eny KM, Wolever TM, Fontaine-Bisson B, El-Sohemy A (2008) Genetic variant in the glucose transporter type 2 is associated with higher intakes of sugars in two distinct populations. Physiol Genomics 33:355\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00148.2007","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00148.2007"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18349384"}]}},{"Citation":"Fan H, Wu Y, Yu S et al (2021) Critical role of mTOR in regulating aerobic Glycolysis in carcinogenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 58:9\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijo.2020.5152","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3892\/ijo.2020.5152"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33367927"}]}},{"Citation":"Fonseca VA (2014) New developments in diabetes management: medications of the 21st century. Clin Ther 36:477\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.01.018","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.01.018"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24594068"}]}},{"Citation":"Fu H, Vuononvirta J, Fanti S et al (2023) The glucose transporter 2 regulates CD8\u2009+\u2009T cell function via environment sensing. Nat Metab 5:1969\u20131985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-023-00913-9","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00913-9"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37884694"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10663157"}]}},{"Citation":"Galochkina T, Ng Fuk Chong M, Challali L, Abbar S, Etchebest C (2019) New insights into GluT1 mechanics during glucose transfer. Sci Rep 9:998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37367-z","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37367-z"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30700737"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6353926"}]}},{"Citation":"Garza-Lomb\u00f3 C, Schroder A, Reyes-Reyes EM, Franco R (2018) mTOR\/AMPK signaling in the brain: cell metabolism, proteostasis and survival. Curr Opin Toxicol 8:102\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.05.002","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2018.05.002"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30417160"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6223325"}]}},{"Citation":"Gherardelli C, Cisternas P, Guti\u00e9rrez J, Martinez M, Inestrosa NC (2021) Andrographolide restores glucose uptake in rat hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 157:1222\u20131233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.15229","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/jnc.15229"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33124061"}]}},{"Citation":"Giribabu N, Karim K, Kilari EK, Nelli SR, Salleh N (2020) Oral administration of centella Asiatica (L.) urb leave aqueous extract ameliorates cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in male rats with type-2 diabetes. Inflammopharmacology 28:1599\u20131622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-020-00733-3","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10787-020-00733-3"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32588370"}]}},{"Citation":"G\u00fcnenc AN, Graf B, Stark H, Chari A (2022) Fatty acid synthase: Structure, Function, and regulation. In: Harris JR, Marles-Wright J (eds) Macromolecular protein complexes IV: structure and function. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u201333"},{"Citation":"Gong L, Liang J, Xie L, Zhang Z, Mei Z, Zhang W (2024) Metabolic reprogramming in gliocyte post-cerebral Ischemia\/ reperfusion: from pathophysiology to therapeutic potential. Curr Neuropharmacol 22:1672\u20131696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159x22666240131121032","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2174\/1570159x22666240131121032"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38362904"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11284719"}]}},{"Citation":"Gorovits N, Charron MJ (2003) What we know about facilitative glucose transporters: lessons from cultured cells, animal models, and human studies. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 31:163\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bmb.2003.494031030227","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/bmb.2003.494031030227"}]}},{"Citation":"G\u0142uchowska K, Pliszka M, Szablewski L (2021) Expression of glucose transporters in human neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 540:8\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.12.067","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.12.067"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33429199"}]}},{"Citation":"Guillet-Deniau I, Leturque A, Girard J (1994) Expression and cellular localization of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4) during differentiation of myogenic cells isolated from rat foetuses. J Cell Sci 107(Pt 3):487\u2013496","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1242\/jcs.107.3.487"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"8006068"}]}},{"Citation":"Guo S, Cosky E, Li F et al (2021) An inhibitory and beneficial effect of chlorpromazine and promethazine (C\u2009+\u2009P) on hyperglycolysis through HIF-1\u03b1 regulation in ischemic stroke. Brain Res 1763:147463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147463","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147463"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33811844"}]}},{"Citation":"Gupta GS (2022) The lactate and the lactate dehydrogenase in inflammatory diseases and major risk factors in COVID-19 patients. Inflammation 45:2091\u20132123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-022-01680-7","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10753-022-01680-7"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35588340"}]}},{"Citation":"He Y, Sun MM, Zhang GG et al (2021) Targeting PI3K\/Akt signal transduction for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 6:425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-021-00828-5","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00828-5"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34916492"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8677728"}]}},{"Citation":"He Y, Xie K, Yang K, Wang N, Zhang L (2025) Unraveling the interplay between metabolism and neurodevelopment in health and disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 31:e70427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.70427","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/cns.70427"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"40365712"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"12076066"}]}},{"Citation":"Holman GD (2020) Structure, function and regulation of mammalian glucose transporters of the SLC2 family. Pflugers Arch 472:1155\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-020-02411-3","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02411-3"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32591905"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"7462842"}]}},{"Citation":"Huang X, Hussain B, Chang J (2021) Peripheral inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption: effects and mechanisms. CNS Neurosci Ther 27:36\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cns.13569","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/cns.13569"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33381913"}]}},{"Citation":"Huchzermeyer B, Menghani E, Khardia P, Shilu A (2022) Metabolic pathway of natural antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes and ROS providence. Antioxidants 11:761","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/antiox11040761"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35453446"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9025363"}]}},{"Citation":"Ismail A, Tanasova M (2022) Importance of GLUT transporters in disease diagnosis and treatment. Int J Mol Sci 23:8698","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms23158698"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35955833"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9368955"}]}},{"Citation":"Jeon S-M (2016) Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases. Exp Mol Med 48:e245\u2013e245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emm.2016.81","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/emm.2016.81"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27416781"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"4973318"}]}},{"Citation":"Juan CA, de la P\u00e9rez Lastra JM, Plou FJ, P\u00e9rez-Lebe\u00f1a E (2021) The chemistry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revisited: outlining their role in biological macromolecules (DNA, lipids and proteins) and induced pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 22:4642","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms22094642"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33924958"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8125527"}]}},{"Citation":"Kang SA, O\u2019Neill DJ, Machl AW et al (2019) Discovery of Small-Molecule selective mTORC1 inhibitors via direct Inhibition of glucose transporters. Cell Chem Biol 26:1203\u20131213e1213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.05.009","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.05.009"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31231029"}]}},{"Citation":"Khandelwal M, Manglani K, Upadhyay P, Azad M, Gupta S (2022) AdipoRon induces AMPK activation and ameliorates Alzheimer\u2019s like pathologies and associated cognitive impairment in APP\/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 174:105876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105876","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105876"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36162737"}]}},{"Citation":"Klimek K, Chen X, Sasaki T, Groener D, Werner RA, Higuchi T (2024) PET imaging of sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs): unveiling metabolic dynamics in diabetes and oncology. Mol Metab 90:102055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.102055","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.102055"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39454827"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11570752"}]}},{"Citation":"Koepsell H (2020) Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 472:1299\u20131343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32789766"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"7462931"}]}},{"Citation":"Land SC, Tee AR (2007) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1 is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) via an mTOR signaling motif *. J Biol Chem 282:20534\u201320543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M611782200","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1074\/jbc.M611782200"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17502379"}]}},{"Citation":"Li M, Chi X, Wang Y, Setrerrahmane S, Xie W, Xu H (2022) Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7:216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35794109"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9259665"}]}},{"Citation":"Lin J, Fan L, Han Y et al (2021) The mTORC1\/eIF4E\/HIF-1\u03b1 pathway mediates glycolysis to support brain hypoxia resistance in the Gansu Zokor, Eospalax cansus. Front Physiol 12:626240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2021.626240","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.626240"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33708138"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"7940537"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu W, Zhuo P, Li L et al (2017) Activation of brain glucose metabolism ameliorating cognitive impairment in APP\/PS1 transgenic mice by electroacupuncture. Free Radic Biol Med 112:174\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.024","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.024"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28756309"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu X, Guo B, Li Q, Nie J (2024) mTOR in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Exp Cell Res 441:114173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yexcr.2024.114173","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2024.114173"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39047807"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu Y, Hu P, Cheng H, Xu F, Ye Y (2025) The impact of glycolysis on ischemic stroke: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Front Neurol 16:1514394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2025.1514394","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1514394"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39926015"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11802445"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu Y, Liu F, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Gong CX (2008) Decreased glucose transporters correlate to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of Tau in alzheimer disease. FEBS Lett 582:359\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.12.035","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.12.035"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18174027"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"2247364"}]}},{"Citation":"Liu Z (2023) Antioxidant activity of the thioredoxin system. Biophys Rep 9:26\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52601\/bpr.2023.230002","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.52601\/bpr.2023.230002"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37426202"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10323771"}]}},{"Citation":"Li Y, He ZC, Liu Q et al (2018) Large intergenic non-coding RNA-RoR inhibits aerobic glycolysis of glioblastoma cells via Akt pathway. J Cancer 9:880\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.20869","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.7150\/jca.20869"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"29581766"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"5868152"}]}},{"Citation":"Lizak B, Szarka A, Kim Y et al (2019) Glucose transport and transporters in the endomembranes. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20235898","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms20235898"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31771288"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6929180"}]}},{"Citation":"Majou D, Dermenghem A-L (2023) DHA (omega-3 fatty acid) and estradiol: key roles in regional cerebral glucose uptake. OCL. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/ocl\/2023023","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1051\/ocl\/2023023"}]}},{"Citation":"Mao Z, Zhang W (2018) Role of mTOR in glucose and lipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19072043","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms19072043"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30577490"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6337482"}]}},{"Citation":"Mathew D, Davidson S, Yellon D (2024) The SGLT family-sodium-glucose transporters with roles beyond glucose and the kidney. J Cell Mol Med 28:e18152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcmm.18152","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/jcmm.18152"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38445802"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10915822"}]}},{"Citation":"Merelli A, Repetto M, Lazarowski A, Auzmendi J (2020) Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation: three faces of neurodegenerative diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 82:S109\u2013S126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-201074","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3233\/JAD-201074"}]}},{"Citation":"Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, Meisel A (2013) Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci 36:587\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.07.001"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23968694"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"3900881"}]}},{"Citation":"Mou Y, Du Y, Zhou L et al (2022) Gut microbiota interact with the brain through systemic chronic inflammation: implications on neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and aging. Front Immunol 13:796288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.796288","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.796288"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35464431"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9021448"}]}},{"Citation":"M SS, C DN (2017) Influence of quercetin, naringenin and berberine on glucose transporters and insulin signalling molecules in brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 94:605\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.142","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.07.142"}]}},{"Citation":"Muraleedharan R, Dasgupta B (2022) AMPK in the brain: its roles in glucose and neural metabolism. FEBS J 289:2247\u20132262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.16151","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/febs.16151"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34355526"}]}},{"Citation":"Newington JT, Harris RA, Cumming RC (2013) Reevaluating metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease from the perspective of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model. J Neurodegener Dis 2013:234572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/234572","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1155\/2013\/234572"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26316984"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"4437330"}]}},{"Citation":"Nguyen YTK, Ha HTT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen LN (2022) The role of SLC transporters for brain health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00018-021-04074-4","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04074-4"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36198832"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11802987"}]}},{"Citation":"Nie S, Li K, Huang Y, Hu Q, Gao X, Jie S (2015) MiR-495 mediates metabolic shift in glioma cells via targeting Glut1. J Craniofac Surg 26:e155-158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/scs.0000000000001385","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000001385"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25759932"}]}},{"Citation":"Oval\u0131 MA, Per\u00e7in \u015e (2024) A disease-based perspective of the relationship between neuroinflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. A\u011fr\u0131 T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi 2:132\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.61845\/agrimedical.1527141","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.61845\/agrimedical.1527141"}]}},{"Citation":"Ozg\u00fcr B, Helms HCC, Tornabene E, Brodin B (2022) Hypoxia increases expression of selected blood\u2013brain barrier transporters GLUT-1, P-gp, SLC7A5 and TFRC, while maintaining barrier integrity, in brain capillary endothelial monolayers. Fluids Barriers CNS 19:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-021-00297-6","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s12987-021-00297-6"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34983574"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8725498"}]}},{"Citation":"Peng Q, Zeng W (2024) The protective role of endothelial GLUT1 in ischemic stroke. Brain Behav 14:e3536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3536","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/brb3.3536"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38747733"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11095318"}]}},{"Citation":"Peng W, Tan C, Mo L et al (2021) Glucose transporter 3 in neuronal glucose metabolism: health and diseases. Metabolism 123:154869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154869","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154869"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34425073"}]}},{"Citation":"Peng Y, Zhang L, Zhou F et al (2022) Scavenging reactive oxygen species decreases amyloid-\u03b2 levels via activation of PI3K\/Akt\/GLUT1 pathway in N2a\/APP695swe cells. J Alzheimers Dis 90:185\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220610","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3233\/JAD-220610"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36093707"}]}},{"Citation":"P\u00e9rez-Sala D, Pajares MA (2023) Appraising the role of astrocytes as suppliers of neuronal glutathione precursors. Int J Mol Sci 24:8059"},{"Citation":"Qin G, Dong Y, Liu Z et al (2021) Shen-Zhi-Ling oral liquid ameliorates cerebral glucose metabolism disorder in early AD via insulin signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro. Chin Med 16:128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-021-00540-0","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00540-0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34857022"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8638512"}]}},{"Citation":"Reckzeh ES, Waldmann H (2020) Development of glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitors. Eur J Org Chem 2020:2321\u20132329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejoc.201901353","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/ejoc.201901353"}]}},{"Citation":"Robert A, Eric M (2014) Mammalian Sugar Transporters. In Leszek S ed. Glucose Homeostasis Rijeka: IntechOpen, Ch. 1"},{"Citation":"Sauer B, Lorenz NI, Div\u00e9 I et al (2024) Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition protects glioma cells from temozolomide-induced cell death. Cell Death Discov 10:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-023-01779-2","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01779-2"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38182566"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10770336"}]}},{"Citation":"Shah K, Desilva S, Abbruscato T (2012) The role of glucose transporters in brain disease: diabetes and alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 13:12629\u201312655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms131012629","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms131012629"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23202918"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"3497292"}]}},{"Citation":"Sibiak R, Ozegowska K, Wender-Ozegowska E, Gutaj P, Mozdziak P, Kempisty B (2022) Fetomaternal expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs)-biochemical, cellular and clinical aspects. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14102025","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/nu14102025"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35631166"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9146575"}]}},{"Citation":"Simpson IA, Dwyer D, Malide D, Moley KH, Travis A, Vannucci SJ (2008) The facilitative glucose transporter GLUT3: 20 years of distinction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295:E242\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.90388.2008","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90388.2008"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"18577699"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"2519757"}]}},{"Citation":"Smiljanic K, Todorovic S, Mladenovic Djordjevic A et al (2018) Limited daily feeding and intermittent feeding have different effects on regional brain energy homeostasis during aging. Biogerontology 19:121\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10522-018-9743-y","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10522-018-9743-y"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"29340834"}]}},{"Citation":"Song P, Onishi A, Koepsell H, Vallon V (2016) Sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 20:1109\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14728222.2016.1168808","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1168808"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26998950"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"5045806"}]}},{"Citation":"Strickland M, Stoll EA (2017) Metabolic reprogramming in glioma. Front Cell Dev Biol 5:43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2017.00043","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00043"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28491867"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"5405080"}]}},{"Citation":"Suades A, Qureshi A, McComas SE et al (2023) Establishing mammalian GLUT kinetics and lipid composition influences in a reconstituted-liposome system. Nat Commun 14:4070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-39711-y","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39711-y"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37429918"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10333360"}]}},{"Citation":"Szablewski L (2017) Glucose transporters in brain: in health and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 55:1307\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-160841","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3233\/jad-160841"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27858715"}]}},{"Citation":"Szablewski L (2021) Brain glucose transporters: role in pathogenesis and potential targets for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Mol Sci 22:8142","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms22158142"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34360906"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8348194"}]}},{"Citation":"Takeuchi Y, Saino O, Okinaka Y et al (2022) Increased RNA transcription of energy source transporters in circulating white blood cells of aged mice. Front Aging Neurosci 14:759159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2022.759159","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.759159"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35185523"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8850360"}]}},{"Citation":"TeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, Rabinowitz JD (2023) The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nat Metab 5:1275\u20131289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-023-00863-2","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00863-2"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37612403"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"11251397"}]}},{"Citation":"Thomson SC, Vallon V (2019) Renal effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors. Am J Med 132:S30-S38.e34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.08.005","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.08.005"}]}},{"Citation":"Tiribuzi R, Crispoltoni L, Porcellati S et al (2014) miR128 up-regulation correlates with impaired amyloid \u03b2(1\u201342) degradation in monocytes from patients with sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol Aging 35:345\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.003","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.003"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24064186"}]}},{"Citation":"Valle-Casuso JC, Gonz\u00e1lez-S\u00e1nchez A, Medina JM, Tabernero A (2012) HIF-1 and c-Src mediate increased glucose uptake induced by endothelin-1 and connexin43 in astrocytes. PLoS ONE 7:e32448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0032448","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032448"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22384254"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"3285680"}]}},{"Citation":"Vargas E, Podder V, Carrillo Sepulveda MA (2025) Physiology, glucose transporter type 4. In StatPearls (Editors: StatPearls Publishing). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing"},{"Citation":"Villa-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez G, P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lvarez MJ (2022) Dysregulation of mTOR signaling after brain ischemia. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23052814","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijms23052814"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35269956"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8911477"}]}},{"Citation":"Villa-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Rubio M, Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez G et al (2024) Pharmacological Inhibition of mTORC1 reduces neural death and damage volume after MCAO by modulating microglial reactivity. Biol Direct 19:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13062-024-00470-5","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s13062-024-00470-5"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38582839"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"10999095"}]}},{"Citation":"Vulturar R, Chi\u0219 A, Pintilie S et al (2022) One molecule for mental nourishment and more: glucose transporter type 1-biology and deficiency syndrome. Biomedicines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines10061249","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061249"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35740271"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9219734"}]}},{"Citation":"Wang L, Pavlou S, Du X, Bhuckory M, Xu H, Chen M (2019a) Glucose transporter 1 critically controls microglial activation through facilitating Glycolysis. Mol Neurodegeneration 14:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13024-019-0305-9","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0305-9"}]}},{"Citation":"Wang M, Qin L, Tang B (2019b) MicroRNAs in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front Genet 10:153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2019.00153","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00153"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30881384"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6405631"}]}},{"Citation":"Wang X, Shen X, Yan Y, Li H (2021) Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs): an overview toward clinical applications. Biosci Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20204402","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1042\/bsr20204402"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34918746"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"8703022"}]}},{"Citation":"Weisov\u00e1 P, Concannon CG, Devocelle M, Prehn JH, Ward MW (2009) Regulation of glucose transporter 3 surface expression by the AMP-activated protein kinase mediates tolerance to glutamate excitation in neurons. J Neurosci 29:2997\u20133008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0354-09.2009","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0354-09.2009"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19261894"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6666202"}]}},{"Citation":"Wen ZW, Liang DS, Cai XH, Chen J (2018) The role of AMPK\/mTOR signal pathway in brain injury following chronic intermittent hypoxia in growing rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 22:1071\u20131077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_201802_14391","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.26355\/eurrev_201802_14391"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"29509258"}]}},{"Citation":"Wilcox CS (2020) Antihypertensive and renal mechanisms of SGLT2 (Sodium-Glucose linked transporter 2) inhibitors. Hypertension 75:894\u2013901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.11684","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.11684"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32114848"}]}},{"Citation":"Wright EM, Hirayama BA, Loo DF (2007) Active sugar transport in health and disease. J Intern Med 261:32\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17222166"}]}},{"Citation":"Wu X, Wang C, Wang J, Zhu M, Yao Y, Liu J (2021) Hypoxia preconditioning protects neuronal cells against traumatic brain injury through stimulation of glucose transport mediated by HIF-1\u03b1\/GLUTs signaling pathway in rat. Neurosurg Rev 44:411\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-019-01228-8","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01228-8"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31897883"}]}},{"Citation":"Xue X, Liu B, Hu J, Bian X, Lou S (2022) The potential mechanisms of lactate in mediating exercise-enhanced cognitive function: a dual role as an energy supply substrate and a signaling molecule. Nutr Metab 19:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12986-022-00687-z","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00687-z"}]}},{"Citation":"Xu J, Jian J, Yan X-H (2012) Cross-talk between AMPK and mTOR in regulating energy balance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52:373\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408398.2010.500245","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.500245"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22369257"}]}},{"Citation":"Xu W, Borges K (2024) Case for supporting astrocyte energetics in glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia 65:2213\u20132226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/epi.18013","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/epi.18013"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38767952"}]}},{"Citation":"Yin J, Shi Z, Wei W et al (2020) MiR-181b suppress glioblastoma multiforme growth through inhibition of SP1-mediated glucose metabolism. Cancer Cell Int 20:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-020-1149-7","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s12935-020-1149-7"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32158359"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"7057587"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhang T, Yang Y, Jiang J et al (2025) The role of glucose metabolism in wound healing: an overview. Burns Trauma. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf053","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf053"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41355886"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"12704442"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhang Y, Li Q, Huang Z et al (2022) Targeting glucose metabolism enzymes in cancer treatment: current and emerging strategies. Cancers (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14194568","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/cancers14194568"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36612282"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"9822283"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhang Z, Yao L, Yang J, Wang Z, Du G (2018) PI3K\/Akt and HIF\u20131 signaling pathway in hypoxia\u2013ischemia (Review). Mol Med Rep 18:3547\u20133554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2018.9375","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9375"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30106145"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"6131612"}]}},{"Citation":"Ziegler GC, Almos P, McNeill RV, Jansch C, Lesch K-P (2020) Cellular effects and clinical implications of SLC2A3 copy number variation. J Cell Physiol 235:9021\u20139036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.29753","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/jcp.29753"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32372501"}]}}]}]}}}