{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"PubMed-not-MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"41897179"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2026","Month":"03","Day":"28"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"03","Day":"30"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Electronic"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Print"},"@text":"2227-9032"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Print"},"Volume":"14","Issue":"6","PubDate":{"Year":"2026","Month":"Mar","Day":"12"}},"Title":"Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)","ISOAbbreviation":"Healthcare (Basel)"},"ArticleTitle":"Does Character Strength Have an Influence on Children's Susceptibility to Technological Addiction? A Systematic Review.","ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"pii","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"724"},{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.3390\/healthcare14060724"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":["<b>Background<\/b>: The misuse of technology and the consequences of addiction are topics that are increasingly addressed by researchers. Specifically, more attention is being paid to strategies aimed at preventing such addiction in minors. In all likelihood, this is the first systematic review to focus on the role of moral values in preventing minors from developing digital addictions. The aim of the study is to review the scientific research on the issue in order to answer the following questions: (1) Is character strength (or related variables) linked to an increased probability that minors will develop a technology addiction? (2) What types of character strengths protect minors from these problems? (3) What kinds of training programmes have been provided to instil these values in both minors and parents? <b>Methods<\/b>: The authors systematically examined the peer-reviewed literature from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOS), Medline, and Scopus while adhering to the PRISMA statement. Only articles published until 26 April 2025, and which were written in the English language, were reviewed. The search was conducted with no year restrictions. <b>Results<\/b>: A total of 609 studies were obtained, of which 9 were finally selected. The results provide a complete overview of the presence of moral values as a protective factor against digital addiction. <b>Conclusions<\/b>: Several challenges remain with regard to enhancing the knowledge of moral values, as well as their importance as an instrument available to minors for their safe interaction with technology."]},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Jimenez-Perianes","ForeName":"Ana","Initials":"A","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Pedagog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Instituto Universitario de Estudios de las Adicciones (IEA-CEU), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Monfort-Vinuesa","ForeName":"Carlos","Initials":"C","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-0621-8321"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Pedagog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital HM, 28015 Madrid, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Saiz-Clar","ForeName":"Elena","Initials":"E","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Departamento Interfacultativo de Matem\u00e1tica Aplicada y Estad\u00edstica, Facultad de Ciencias Econ\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Egea-Romero","ForeName":"Maria P","Initials":"MP","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-4140-8585"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Pedagog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Rebate","ForeName":"Cristina","Initials":"C","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Rodriguez-Ca\u00f1as","ForeName":"Monica","Initials":"M","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Villarroel","ForeName":"Caroline","Initials":"C","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Rincon","ForeName":"Esther","Initials":"E","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-7932-4643"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Psycho-Technology Lab, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda y Pedagog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."},{"Affiliation":"Instituto Universitario de Estudios de las Adicciones (IEA-CEU), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"N\/A","Agency":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria San Pablo-CEU (CEU Universities).","Country":""}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2026","Month":"03","Day":"12"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"Switzerland","MedlineTA":"Healthcare (Basel)","NlmUniqueID":"101666525","ISSNLinking":"2227-9032"},"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"character strengths"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"children"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"digital addiction"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"parents"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"technology"}]}],"CoiStatement":"The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in any part of this article."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2025","Month":"12","Day":"17"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"revised"},"Year":"2026","Month":"2","Day":"16"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2026","Month":"2","Day":"25"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"28","Hour":"6","Minute":"40"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"28","Hour":"6","Minute":"39"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"28","Hour":"1","Minute":"17"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"12"}]},"PublicationStatus":"epublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41897179"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC13027014"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/healthcare14060724"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pii"},"@text":"healthcare14060724"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"M\u00fcller K.W., Ammerschl\u00e4ger M., Freisleder F.J., Beutel M.E., W\u00f6lfling K. Suchtartige Internetnutzung als komorbide St\u00f6rung im jugendpsychiatrischen Setting. Z. Kinder Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother. 2012;40:331\u2013339. doi: 10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000190.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000190"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22869227"}]}},{"Citation":"Pekonidi A.V. Adicci\u00f3n digital en ni\u00f1os y adolescentes. Estrategias modernas de diagn\u00f3stico y tratamiento. RMZh. Revis. M\u00e9d. 2021;5:322\u2013329. doi: 10.32364\/2587-6821-2021-5-5-322-329.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.32364\/2587-6821-2021-5-5-322-329"}]}},{"Citation":"Purificacion B., Julyn A., Vallespin M.R. Understanding the multifaceted impacts of social media addiction on minors: A comprehensive analysis of psychological, behavioral, and physiological dimensions.  [(accessed on 1 January 2025)];Int. J. Curr. Sci. Res. Rev. 2024 7:2604\u20132611. doi: 10.47191\/ijcsrr\/V7-i5-20. Available online:  https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=4835031.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.47191\/ijcsrr\/V7-i5-20"}]}},{"Citation":"Young K.S. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology Behav. 1998;1:237\u2013244. doi: 10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1089\/cpb.1998.1.237"}]}},{"Citation":"Baumgartner S.E., Parry D.A., Beyens I., Wiradhany W., Uncapher M., Wagner A.D., Bavelier D. Handbook of Children and Screens. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2025. The Short- and Long-Term Effects of Digital Media Use on Attention.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69362-5_5"}]}},{"Citation":"Dore R.A., Jing M., Taylor G., Madigan S., Samudra P.G., Sundqvist A.S., Xu Y. Handbook of Children and Screens. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2025. Digital Media Use and Language Development in Early Childhood.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69362-5_6"}]}},{"Citation":"Richert R.A., Choi K., Gleason T.R., Goldstein T.R., Sibert S.M. Handbook of Children and Screens. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2025. Imagination, Creativity, and Play.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69362-5_7"}]}},{"Citation":"Tremblay M.S., Kuzik N., Biddle S.J.H., Carson V., Chinapaw M.J.M., Dumuid D., Huang W.Y., Saunders T.J., Staiano A.E., Pate R.R. Handbook of Children and Screens. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2025. Digital Screen Media Use, Movement Behaviors, and Child Health.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69362-5_10"}]}},{"Citation":"Rinc\u00f3n E., Andrade Pino P., editors. Adicciones Digitales en Menores: Fundamentos Para Educadores y Sanitarios. Ediciones Pir\u00e1mide; Madrid, Spain: 2024."},{"Citation":"Vili\u0107 V. Users\u2019 considerations about possibilities of self-protection on social networks. Open J. Leg. Stud. 2018;1:9\u201324. doi: 10.32591\/coas.ojls.0101.02009v.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.32591\/coas.ojls.0101.02009v"}]}},{"Citation":"Gim\u00e9nez Hern\u00e1ndez M. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid, Spain: 2009. La Medida de las Fortalezas Psicol\u00f3gicas en Adolescentes (VIA-Youth): Relaci\u00f3n con Clima Familiar, Psicopatolog\u00eda y Bienestar Psicol\u00f3gico."},{"Citation":"Dehghani M., Johnson K., Hoover J., Sagi E., Garten J., Parmar N.J., Vaisey S., Iliev R., Graham J. Purity homophily in social networks. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2016;145:366\u2013375. doi: 10.1037\/xge0000139.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1037\/xge0000139"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26726910"}]}},{"Citation":"Peterson C., Seligman M.E.P. Character Strengths and Virtues. A Handbook and Classification. Oxford University Press; Oxford, UK: American Psychological Association; Washington, DC, USA: 2004."},{"Citation":"Gentry B., Cullen K., Altman D. The Irony of Integrity: A Study of the Character Strengths of Leaders [White Paper] Center for Creative Leadership; Greensboro, NC, USA: 2016.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.35613\/ccl.2016.1032"}]}},{"Citation":"Ben-Nun Bloom P., Levitan L.C. We\u2019re closer than I thought: Social network heterogeneity, morality, and political persuasion. Polit. Psychol. 2011;32:643\u2013665. doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2011.00826.x.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2011.00826.x"}]}},{"Citation":"Arrivillaga C., Rey L., Extremera N. The chain-mediating role of perceived stress and problematic smartphone use in the link between critical thinking and academic engagement among Spanish adolescents. Cyberpsychol. J. Psychosoc. Res. Cyberspace. 2022;16:7. doi: 10.5817\/CP2022-4-7.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.5817\/CP2022-4-7"}]}},{"Citation":"Horstink T.S. Master\u2019s Thesis. University of Twente; Enschede, The Netherlands: 2011. The Effects of Social Networks on Group Moral Reasoning in the Royal Netherlands Army."},{"Citation":"Scott E.D. Moral values: Situationally defined individual differences. Bus. Ethics Q. 2000;10:497\u2013520. doi: 10.2307\/3857888.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2307\/3857888"}]}},{"Citation":"Scott E.D. Organizational moral values. Bus. Ethics Q. 2002;12:33\u201355. doi: 10.2307\/3857647.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2307\/3857647"}]}},{"Citation":"Milchram C., Van de Kaa G., Doorn N., K\u00fcnneke R. Moral values as factors for social acceptance of smart grid technologies. Sustainability. 2018;10:2703. doi: 10.3390\/su10082703.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/su10082703"}]}},{"Citation":"Janic Z., Maykova V., Maykova N., Ilchenko D. Spiritual and moral personality development as a factor society safe existence; Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2019); Moscow, Russia. 5\u20136 June 2019;","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2991\/cesses-19.2019.266"}]}},{"Citation":"Jeffries F.L. Predicting safety related attitudes in the workplace: The influence of moral maturity and emotional intelligence. J. Behav. Appl. Manag. 2011;12:200\u2013216. doi: 10.21818\/001c.17862.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.21818\/001c.17862"}]}},{"Citation":"Mayerson N.H. The character strengths response: An urgent call to action. Front. Psychol. 2020;11:2106. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02106.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02106"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7472953"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32973633"}]}},{"Citation":"Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.n71.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8005924"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33782057"}]}},{"Citation":"Booth A., Clarke M., Dooley G., Ghersi D., Moher D., Petticrew M., Stewart L. The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: An international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst. Rev. 2012;1:2. doi: 10.1186\/2046-4053-1-2.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-2"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3348673"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22587842"}]}},{"Citation":"Moher D., Shamseer L., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., Shekelle P., Stewart L.A., PRISMA-P Group Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst. Rev. 2015;4:1. doi: 10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4320440"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25554246"}]}},{"Citation":"Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int. J. Surg. 2021;88:105906. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33789826"}]}},{"Citation":"Shamseer L., Moher D., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., Shekelle P., Stewart L.A., The PRISMA-P Group Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;350:g7647. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.g7647.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25555855"}]}},{"Citation":"Altman D.G. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 1990."},{"Citation":"Pluye P., Gagnon M., Griffiths F., Johnson-Lafleur J. A scoring system for appraising mixed methods research, and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in mixed studies reviews. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2009;46:529\u2013546. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.009.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.009"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19233357"}]}},{"Citation":"Hong Q.N., Pluye P., F\u00e0bregues S., Bartlett G., Boardman F., Cargo M., Dagenais P., Gagnon M.-P., Griffiths F., Nicolau B., et al. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) McGill University; Montreal, QC, Canada: 2018. Version 2018."},{"Citation":"Aral A., Usta M.B. Intrapersonal and family predictors of internet addiction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Gambl. Issues. 2022;50:98\u2013131. doi: 10.4309\/XHMA4001.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4309\/XHMA4001"}]}},{"Citation":"Ayten A., Acat B. Internet addiction, values, and religiosity as predictors of life satisfaction among adolescents: A quantitative study on high school students. Addicta Turk. J. Addict. 2019;6:847\u2013870. doi: 10.15805\/addicta.2019.6.3.0091.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.15805\/addicta.2019.6.3.0091"}]}},{"Citation":"Bilge M., U\u00e7an G., Baydur H. Investigating the association between adolescent internet addiction and parental attitudes. Int. J. Public Health. 2022;67:1605065. doi: 10.3389\/ijph.2022.1605065.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1605065"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9589515"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36299409"}]}},{"Citation":"Cacioppo M., Barni D., Correale C., Mangialavori S., Danioni F., Gori A. Do attachment styles and family functioning predict adolescents\u2019 problematic internet use? A relative weight analysis. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2019;28:1263\u20131271. doi: 10.1007\/s10826-019-01357-0.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10826-019-01357-0"}]}},{"Citation":"Casal\u00f3 L.V., Escario J.J. Predictors of excessive internet use among adolescents in Spain: The relevance of the relationship between parents and their children. Comput. Human. Behav. 2019;92:344\u2013351. doi: 10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.042.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.042"}]}},{"Citation":"Chen Y.-L., Chen S.-H., Gau S.S.-F. ADHD and autistic traits, family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan: A longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;39:20\u201331. doi: 10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.025.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.025"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25617844"}]}},{"Citation":"Ding W.-N., Sun J.-H., Sun Y.-W., Chen X., Zhou Y., Zhuang Z.-G., Li L., Zhang Y., Xu J.-R., Du Y.-S. Trait impulsivity and impaired prefrontal impulse inhibition function in adolescents with internet gaming addiction revealed by a Go\/No-Go fMRI study. Behav. Brain Funct. 2014;10:20. doi: 10.1186\/1744-9081-10-20.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/1744-9081-10-20"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4050412"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24885073"}]}},{"Citation":"Fomichov V.A., Fomichova O.S. A contribution of cognitonics to secure living in information society. Inform. Int. J. Comput. Inform. 2012;36:121\u2013130."},{"Citation":"Ge Y., Se J., Zhang J. Research on relationship among internet-addiction, personality traits and mental health of urban left-behind children. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2015;7:60. doi: 10.5539\/gjhs.v7n4p60.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n4p60"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4802149"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25946911"}]}},{"Citation":"Juthamanee S., Gunawan J. Factors related to internet and game addiction among adolescents: A scoping review. Belitung Nurs. J. 2021;7:62\u201371. doi: 10.33546\/bnj.1192.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.33546\/bnj.1192"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10353650"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37469945"}]}},{"Citation":"Kaya A., Aydemir K., \u0130\u015fler A. A controversial issue in adolescents: Is the effect of digital games on creative personality traits positive or negative? Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2024;49:67\u201372. doi: 10.1016\/j.apnu.2024.02.001.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2024.02.001"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38734457"}]}},{"Citation":"Kuss D.J., Van Rooij A.J., Shorter G.W., Griffiths M.D., Van De Mheen D. Internet addiction in adolescents: Prevalence and risk factors. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013;29:1987\u20131996. doi: 10.1016\/j.chb.2013.04.002.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.04.002"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee J.Y., Ban D., Kim S.Y., Kim J.M., Shin I.S., Yoon J.S., Kim S.W. Negative life events and problematic internet use as factors associated with psychotic-like experiences in adolescents. Front. Psychiatry. 2019;10:369. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00369.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00369"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6549193"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31191372"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee J.Y., Park E.J., Kwon M., Choi J.H., Jeong J.E., Choi J.S., Choi S.W., Lee C.U., Kim D.J. The difference in comorbidities and behavioral aspects between internet abuse and internet dependence in Korean male adolescents. Psychiatry Investig. 2014;11:387\u2013393. doi: 10.4306\/pi.2014.11.4.387.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4306\/pi.2014.11.4.387"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4225202"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"25395969"}]}},{"Citation":"Li D., Xu Y., Cao S. How does trait mindfulness weaken the effects of risk factors for adolescent smartphone addiction? A moderated mediation model. Behav. Sci. 2023;13:540. doi: 10.3390\/bs13070540.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/bs13070540"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10376386"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37503987"}]}},{"Citation":"Malaeb D., Awad E., Haddad C., Sacre H., Khansa W., Ammar J., Ghosn J., Richa S., Hallit S., Obeid S. Bullying victimization among Lebanese adolescents: The role of child abuse, internet addiction, social phobia and depression and validation of the Illinois Bully Scale. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20:520. doi: 10.1186\/s12887-020-02413-1.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02413-1"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7666506"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33187493"}]}},{"Citation":"Mastrobattista L., Perez L.J.G., Gallimberti L., Genetti B., Andreotti A., Fassinato D., Monacis L., Anselmi P., Colledani D., Minutillo A., et al. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for youth problem behavior are associated with food addiction in the Generation Z. Front. Public Health. 2024;12:1414110. doi: 10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1414110.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1414110"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11163117"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38859893"}]}},{"Citation":"Mishra J., Behera M.R., Mitra R., Samanta P., Mahapatra P.K., Kar S. Prevalence and impact of internet addiction disorder among adolescents and young adults. Open Public Health J. 2024;17 doi: 10.2174\/0118749445345806241010081642.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2174\/0118749445345806241010081642"}]}},{"Citation":"M\u00fcller M. Educational standards in the school curriculum and the role of the mass media: The case of Croatia. Ann. Univ. Apulensis Ser. Historica. 2017;28:159\u2013174. doi: 10.19233\/ASHS.2017.13.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.19233\/ASHS.2017.13"}]}},{"Citation":"Munno D., Saroldi M., Bechon E., Sterpone S.C., Zullo G. Addictive behaviors and personality traits in adolescents. CNS Spectr. 2016;21:207\u2013213. doi: 10.1017\/S1092852915000474.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1017\/S1092852915000474"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26268304"}]}},{"Citation":"Peris M., de la Barrera U., Schoeps K., Montoya-Castilla I. Psychological risk factors that predict social networking and internet addiction in adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:4598. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17124598.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijerph17124598"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7344613"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"32604834"}]}},{"Citation":"Riany Y.E., Saadatunnisa R. Adolescent character strengths: Associations with parental attachment and internet addiction. Int. J. Interdiscip. Educ. Stud. 2022;17:71\u201384. doi: 10.18848\/2327-011X\/CGP\/v17i01\/71-84.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.18848\/2327-011X\/CGP\/v17i01\/71-84"}]}},{"Citation":"Satria B., Oktari R.S. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Internet Game Addiction among Adolescents in Aceh Indonesia. J. Liaquat Univ. Med. Health Sci. 2024;23:7\u201311. doi: 10.22442\/jlumhs.2024.01118.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22442\/jlumhs.2024.01118"}]}},{"Citation":"Sun Y., Wilkinson J.S. Parenting style, personality traits, and interpersonal relationships: A model of prediction of internet addiction. Int. J. Commun. 2020;14:2163\u20132185."},{"Citation":"Trumello C., Babore A., Candelori C., Morelli M., Bianchi D. Relationship with parents, emotion regulation, and callous-unemotional traits in adolescents\u2019 internet addiction. Biomed. Res. Int. 2018;2018:7914261. doi: 10.1155\/2018\/7914261.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1155\/2018\/7914261"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC5989287"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"29951544"}]}},{"Citation":"Xiuqin H., Huimin Z., Mengchen L., Jinan W., Ying Z., Ran T. Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. Soc. Netw. 2010;13:401\u2013406. doi: 10.1089\/cyber.2009.0222.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0222"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"20712498"}]}},{"Citation":"Yan W., Li Y., Sui N. The relationship between recent stressful life events, personality traits, perceived family functioning and internet addiction among college students. Stress Health. 2014;30:3\u201311. doi: 10.1002\/smi.2490.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/smi.2490"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23616371"}]}},{"Citation":"Bao K., Zhang X., Cai L. The closed loop between parental upbringing and online game addiction: A narrative study of rural children\u2019s growth in China. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2024;17:1703\u20131716. doi: 10.2147\/PRBM.S457068.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2147\/PRBM.S457068"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11042478"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38660459"}]}},{"Citation":"Chen I.-H., Lee Z.-H., Dong X., Gamble J.H., Feng H. The influence of parenting style and time management tendency on internet gaming disorder among adolescents in Taiwan: A mediation model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:9120. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph17239120.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijerph17239120"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7730530"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33291336"}]}},{"Citation":"Dalvi-Esfahani M., Niknafs A., Alaedini Z., Ahmadabadi H.B., Kuss D.J., Ramayah T. Social media addiction and empathy: The moderating impact of personality traits among high school students. Telemat. Inform. 2021;57:101516. doi: 10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101516.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101516"}]}},{"Citation":"Hayixibayi A., Strodl E., Chen W., Kelly A.B. Associations between adolescent problematic internet use and relationship problems in Chinese families: Findings from a large-scale survey. JMIR Pediatr. Parent. 2022;5:e35240. doi: 10.2196\/35240.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.2196\/35240"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9641517"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36279160"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee S.Y., Lee H.K., Jeong E.J. Effects of parental psychological control on children\u2019s school life: Mobile phone dependency as mediator. Child. Indic. Res. 2016;9:417\u2013435. doi: 10.1007\/s10826-015-0251-2.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0251-2"}]}},{"Citation":"Martins M.V., Formiga A., Santos C., Sousa D., Resende C., Campos R., Nogueira N., Carvalho P., Ferreira S. Adolescent internet addiction\u2014Role of parental control and adolescent behaviours. Int. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2020;7:116\u2013120. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijpam.2019.12.003.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2019.12.003"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7568070"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33094139"}]}},{"Citation":"Monteiro F., Sim\u00f5es M., Relva I.C. Internet addiction, sleep habits and family communication: The perspectives of a sample of adolescents. Healthcare. 2023;11:3194. doi: 10.3390\/healthcare11243194.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/healthcare11243194"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10742625"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38132084"}]}},{"Citation":"Nwufo I.J., Ike O.O. Personality traits and internet addiction among adolescent students: The moderating role of family functioning. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2024;21:520. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph21050520.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijerph21050520"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11121275"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38791735"}]}},{"Citation":"Qiu C., Qi Y., Yin Y. Multiple Intermediary Model Test of Adolescent Physical Exercise and Internet Addiction. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023;20:4030. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph20054030.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijerph20054030"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10002281"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36901042"}]}},{"Citation":"Jim\u00e9nez-Perianes A. \u00bfC\u00f3mo se lo podemos explicar a nuestros hijos? In: Hiperconectados \u00bfAbusan Nuestros Hijos del M\u00f3vil e Internet? Pir\u00e1mide; Madrid, Spain: 2025. pp. 111\u2013120."},{"Citation":"Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman; New York, NY, USA: 1997."},{"Citation":"Eisenberg N., Spinrad T.L., Sadovsky A. Empathy-related responding in children. In: Killen M., Smetana J.G., editors. Handbook of Moral Development. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; Mahwah, NJ, USA: 2006. pp. 517\u2013549."},{"Citation":"Rincon E., Pineda-R\u00e0fols A., P\u00e9rez M., San-Mart\u00edn-Su\u00e1rez J., Egea-Romero M.P. Are parent training programs useful for reducing problematic or addictive use of technology in children? A systematic review. Comput. Hum. Behav. Rep. 2025;18:100672. doi: 10.1016\/j.chbr.2025.100672.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2025.100672"}]}},{"Citation":"Zimmerman B.J. Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Pract. 2002;41:64\u201370. doi: 10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1207\/s15430421tip4102_2"}]}},{"Citation":"Tyler T.R., Blader S.L. The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 2003;7:349\u2013361. doi: 10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0704_07.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0704_07"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"14633471"}]}},{"Citation":"Lubans D., Richards J., Hillman C., Faulkner G., Beauchamp M., Nilsson M., Kelly P., Smith J., Raine L., Biddle S. Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20161642. doi: 10.1542\/peds.2016-1642.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1642"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27542849"}]}},{"Citation":"Lavy S. A review of character strengths interventions in twenty-first-century schools: Their importance and how they can be fostered. Appl. Res. Qual. Life. 2020;15:573\u2013596. doi: 10.1007\/s11482-018-9700-6.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s11482-018-9700-6"}]}},{"Citation":"Kim S.M., Park J., Lee H.K. Internet Gaming Disorder linked to weaker emotion regulation and response inhibition. Addiction. 2023;118:601\u2013602. doi: 10.1111\/add.16089.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/add.16089"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36478603"}]}}]}]}}}