{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Automated"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"41934250"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"04"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"04"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Electronic"},"@text":"1468-3148"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"39","Issue":"2","PubDate":{"Year":"2026","Month":"Mar"}},"Title":"Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID","ISOAbbreviation":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},"ArticleTitle":"Social Cognition in Toddlers, Children, and Adolescents With Down Syndrome: A Scoping Review.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"e70215","MedlinePgn":"e70215"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.1111\/jar.70215"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":[{"@attributes":{"Label":"BACKGROUND","NlmCategory":"BACKGROUND"},"@text":"Social cognition (SC) involves mental processes underlying interactions. Children and adolescents with Down syndrome face sociocognitive challenges affecting relationships and well-being. This review systematically examines research on SC development in persons with Down syndrome."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"METHOD","NlmCategory":"METHODS"},"@text":"Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we systematically searched WoS and Scopus for peer-reviewed studies on SC in individuals with Down syndrome (0-19\u2009years). Forty studies (2008-2024) met the criteria and were analysed and assessed for quality using the MMAT tool."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"RESULTS","NlmCategory":"RESULTS"},"@text":"Evidence does not clearly indicate age-related SC development in Down syndrome. Instead, language is the key factor influencing SC development. Individuals with Down syndrome show challenges in SC and emotion processing, specifically compared to typical development."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"CONCLUSION","NlmCategory":"CONCLUSIONS"},"@text":"More research is needed, especially longitudinal and developmental trajectory studies, to clarify SC development in Down syndrome and its relation to age. These findings can guide educational and clinical strategies to improve social inclusion and well-being."}],"CopyrightInformation":"\u00a9 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Mu\u00f1oz-Montes","ForeName":"Magdalena","Initials":"M","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-9463-9731"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."},{"Affiliation":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Mendive","ForeName":"Susana","Initials":"S","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Education, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."},{"Affiliation":"Centro de Inter\u00e9s Nacional para Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ni\u00f1ez, Adolescencia, Resiliencia y Adversidad (IINARA), Santiago, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Tenorio","ForeName":"Marcela","Initials":"M","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0003-0859-6462"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile."},{"Affiliation":"Facultad de Educaci\u00f3n, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Mejora de los Aprendizajes (CIMA), Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Arango","ForeName":"Paulina","Initials":"P","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-9942-6997"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile."},{"Affiliation":"Institute of Public Health, Universidad Nacional Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Aparicio","ForeName":"Andr\u00e9s","Initials":"A","Identifier":[{"@attributes":{"Source":"ORCID"},"@text":"0000-0002-0770-214X"}],"AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Millennium Institute for Care Research (MICARE), Santiago, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Wettling","ForeName":"Ignacio","Initials":"I","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"GrantList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Grant":[{"GrantID":"1221400","Agency":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","Country":""},{"GrantID":"1221349","Agency":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","Country":""},{"GrantID":"ICS2019_024","Agency":"ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program","Country":""},{"GrantID":"CIN250068","Agency":"Centro de Inter\u00e9s Nacional IINARA","Country":""}]},"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000098583"},"@text":"Scoping Review"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"England","MedlineTA":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil","NlmUniqueID":"9613616","ISSNLinking":"1360-2322"},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D004314","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Down Syndrome"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000523","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"psychology"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000503","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiopathology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D002648","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Child"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000293","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Adolescent"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D002675","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Child, Preschool"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000083282","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Social Cognition"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D007223","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Infant"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D002657","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Child Development"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D055815","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Young Adult"}}]},"OtherAbstract":[{"@attributes":{"Type":"plain-language-summary","Language":"eng"},"AbstractText":["The literature does not indicate a clear relationship between social cognition and age in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Language skills are the main predictor of theory of mind and emotion processing in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. Individuals with Down syndrome face challenges in emotion processing compared to typically developing peers. More longitudinal and developmental trajectory studies are needed to guide educational and clinical strategies that will improve social inclusion and well\u2010being at different life stages."],"CopyrightInformation":"\u00a9 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd."}],"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Down syndrome"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"emotion processing"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"intellectual disability"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"social cognition"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"theory of mind"}]}]},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"revised"},"Year":"2026","Month":"2","Day":"6"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2025","Month":"4","Day":"9"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"12"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"5","Hour":"4","Minute":"20"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"5","Hour":"4","Minute":"19"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"4","Hour":"6","Minute":"13"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41934250"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/jar.70215"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Title":"References","Reference":[{"Citation":"Abbeduto, L., N. 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