{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"PubMed-not-MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"41959633"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"10"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"10"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Electronic-eCollection"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Print"},"@text":"1664-2295"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Print"},"Volume":"17","PubDate":{"Year":"2026"}},"Title":"Frontiers in neurology","ISOAbbreviation":"Front Neurol"},"ArticleTitle":"Effectiveness of combined versus single circadian interventions in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: a systematic review with meta-analysis.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"1801194","MedlinePgn":"1801194"},"ELocationID":[{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"pii","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"1801194"},{"@attributes":{"EIdType":"doi","ValidYN":"Y"},"@text":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1801194"}],"Abstract":{"AbstractText":[{"@attributes":{"Label":"INTRODUCTION","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"Admission to neonatal or pediatric intensive care units exposes vulnerable patients to confounding environmental cues, disrupting circadian rhythms and potentially compromising physiological stability. While various circadian interventions exist, ranging from simple light cycling to complex multicomponent bundles, it remains unclear whether complex bundles offer superior clinical benefits over single-modality interventions. This systematic review evaluated the efficacy of circadian interventions on physiological parameters and sleep primarily in critically ill neonates and children, specifically comparing single versus combined strategies."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"METHODS","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched five major electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, WoS, Scopus and LILACS. Additionally, the Epistemonikos and SciELO databases were screened to identify relevant studies published in languages other than English. The search covered from inception to 2025 and was conducted during October 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool and ROBINS-I, while the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Data were synthesized using random-effects meta-analysis for physiological outcomes and SWiM guidelines for studies with non-parametric or incompatible data."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"RESULTS","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"Forty-one studies (<i>N<\/i>\u202f=\u202f2,548) met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of 16 studies demonstrated that circadian interventions significantly reduced heart rate (SMD -0.70; 95% CI [-1.10, -0.30]; <i>p<\/i>\u202f&lt;\u202f0.001) and respiratory rate (SMD -0.75; <i>p<\/i>\u202f&lt;\u202f0.001), while improving oxygen saturation (SMD\u202f+\u202f1.33; <i>p<\/i>\u202f&lt;\u202f0.001) and increasing sleep duration (SMD\u202f+\u202f0.92; <i>p<\/i>\u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). Narrative synthesis of 16 additional studies confirmed these findings, with 81.2% reporting positive outcomes. Importantly, subgroup analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between single and multicomponent interventions across any outcome (<i>p<\/i>\u202f&gt;\u202f0.05). The certainty of evidence was graded as low due to the inherent inability to blind environmental interventions and statistical heterogeneity."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"CONCLUSION","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"Circadian interventions are effective strategies for modulating physiological parameters and improving sleep quality in the NICU. Single interventions, such as cycled lighting, yielded similar outcomes to complex multicomponent bundles, but due to the lack of pediatric research, our results should be interpreted with caution. Future research should prioritize primary research in pediatric settings to deepen our understanding about circadian interventions."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/8SPZM, Identifier: CRD4201091137."}],"CopyrightInformation":"Copyright \u00a9 2026 Corrotea-Maltez, Fern\u00e1ndez-Flores, Guti\u00e9rrez-Neira, Nirrian-P\u00e9rez, Mansilla-Mu\u00f1oz and Bustos-Gonz\u00e1lez."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Corrotea-Maltez","ForeName":"Constanza C","Initials":"CC","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Flores","ForeName":"Catalina V","Initials":"CV","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Neira","ForeName":"Constanza L","Initials":"CL","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Nirrian-P\u00e9rez","ForeName":"Antonia J","Initials":"AJ","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Mansilla-Mu\u00f1oz","ForeName":"Javiera","Initials":"J","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Bustos-Gonz\u00e1lez","ForeName":"Liliana","Initials":"L","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valpara\u00edso, Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Chile."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000078182"},"@text":"Systematic Review"}]},"ArticleDate":[{"@attributes":{"DateType":"Electronic"},"Year":"2026","Month":"03","Day":"25"}]},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"Switzerland","MedlineTA":"Front Neurol","NlmUniqueID":"101546899","ISSNLinking":"1664-2295"},"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"chronobiology"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"circadian medicine"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"circadian rhythms"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"evaluation of the efficacy-effectiveness of interventions"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"neonatal intensive care unit"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"pediatric intensive care unit"}]}],"CoiStatement":"The author(s) declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"received"},"Year":"2026","Month":"2","Day":"1"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"revised"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"3"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"accepted"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"9"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"10","Hour":"6","Minute":"34"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"10","Hour":"6","Minute":"33"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"10","Hour":"5","Minute":"35"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pmc-release"},"Year":"2026","Month":"3","Day":"25"}]},"PublicationStatus":"epublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41959633"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC13056654"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1801194"}]},"ReferenceList":[{"Reference":[{"Citation":"Goel P, Goel A. Exploring the evolution of sleep patterns from infancy to adolescence. Cureus. (2024) 16:e64759. doi: 10.7759\/cureus.64759,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.7759\/cureus.64759"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11329291"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39156264"}]}},{"Citation":"Agostini A, Centofanti S. Normal sleep in children and adolescence. Psychiatr Clin North Am. (2024) 47:1\u201314. doi: 10.1016\/j.psc.2023.06.001,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.psc.2023.06.001"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38302199"}]}},{"Citation":"Li W, Ma L, Yang G, Gan WB. REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning. Nat Neurosci. (2017) 20:427\u201337. doi: 10.1038\/nn.4479,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/nn.4479"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC5535798"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28092659"}]}},{"Citation":"de Vivo L, Bellesi M. The role of sleep and wakefulness in myelin plasticity. Glia. (2019) 67:2142\u201352. doi: 10.1002\/glia.23667,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/glia.23667"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6771952"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31237382"}]}},{"Citation":"Luu P, Tucker DM. Continuity and change in neural plasticity through embryonic morphogenesis, fetal activity-dependent synaptogenesis, and infant memory consolidation. Dev Psychobiol. (2023) 65:e22439. doi: 10.1002\/dev.22439,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/dev.22439"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38010309"}]}},{"Citation":"Wong SD, Wright KP, Spencer RL, Vetter C, Hicks LM, Jenni OG, et al. Development of the circadian system in early life: maternal and environmental factors. J Physiol Anthropol. (2022) 41:22. doi: 10.1186\/s40101-022-00294-0,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1186\/s40101-022-00294-0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9109407"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35578354"}]}},{"Citation":"Rivkees SA. Developing circadian rhythmicity in infants. Pediatrics. (2003) 112:373\u20139. doi: 10.1542\/peds.112.2.373","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1542\/peds.112.2.373"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12897290"}]}},{"Citation":"Hazelhoff EM, Dudink J, Meijer JH, Kervezee L. Beginning to see the light: lessons learned from the development of the circadian system for optimizing light conditions in the neonatal intensive care unit. Front Neurosci. (2021) 15:634034. doi: 10.3389\/fnins.2021.634034,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.634034"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8013699"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33815040"}]}},{"Citation":"Byeon AGH, Weiss SK, Gilfoyle E, McKinnon NK. Sleep fragmentation in critically ill children: a review of contributing factors in the pediatric intensive care unit and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Front Sleep. (2025) 4:1\u201313. doi: 10.3389\/frsle.2025.1629408,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/frsle.2025.1629408"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC12713949"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41425199"}]}},{"Citation":"Hassinger AB, Afzal S, Rauth M, Breuer RK. Pediatric intensive care unit related sleep and circadian dysregulation: a focused review. Semin Pediatr Neurol. (2023) 48:101077. doi: 10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101077,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.spen.2023.101077"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38065630"}]}},{"Citation":"Allada R, Bass J. Circadian mechanisms in medicine. N Engl J Med. (2021) 384:550\u201361. doi: 10.1056\/nejmra1802337,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1056\/nejmra1802337"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8108270"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33567194"}]}},{"Citation":"Roenneberg T, Merrow M. The circadian clock and human health. Curr Biol. (2016) 26:R432\u201343. doi: 10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.011,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.011"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27218855"}]}},{"Citation":"Van Gilst D, Puchkina AV, Roelants JA, Kervezee L, Dudink J, Reiss IKM, et al. Effects of the neonatal intensive care environment on circadian health and development of preterm infants. Front Physiol. (2023) 14:1. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2023.1243162,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1243162"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10500197"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37719464"}]}},{"Citation":"Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Silva EJ, Shanahan TL, Boivin DB, Czeisler CA. Amplitude reduction and phase shifts of melatonin, cortisol and other circadian rhythms after a gradual advance of sleep and light exposure in humans. PLoS One. (2012) 7:e30037. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0030037,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030037"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC3281823"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"22363414"}]}},{"Citation":"Bano-Otalora B, Martial F, Bechtold DA, Allen AE, Brown TM, Belle D MDC LRJ. Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2021) 118:e2100094118. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.2100094118\/-\/DCSupplemental","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1073\/pnas.2100094118\/-\/DCSupplemental"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8179182"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34031246"}]}},{"Citation":"Van der Linden IA, Hazelhoff EM, De Groot ER, Vijlbrief DC, Schlangen LJM, De Kort YAW, et al. Characterizing light-dark cycles in the neonatal intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study. Front Physiol. (2023) 14:1217660. doi: 10.3389\/fphys.2023.1217660,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1217660"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10469299"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37664437"}]}},{"Citation":"Greenfield KD, Karam O, Iqbal O\u2019Meara AM. Brighter days may be ahead: continuous measurement of pediatric intensive care unit light and sound. Front Pediatr. (2020) 8:590715. doi: 10.3389\/fped.2020.590715","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3389\/fped.2020.590715"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7649178"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33194924"}]}},{"Citation":"Ruben MD, Francey LJ, Guo Y, Wu G, Cooper EB, Shah AS, et al. A large-scale study reveals 24-h operational rhythms in hospital treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. (2019) 116:20953\u20138. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1909557116,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1073\/pnas.1909557116"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6800314"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31575744"}]}},{"Citation":"Vetter C. Circadian disruption: what do we actually mean? Eur J Neurosci. (2018) 51:531\u201350. doi: 10.1111\/ejn.14255,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/ejn.14255"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6504624"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30402904"}]}},{"Citation":"Fishbein AB, Knutson KL, Zee PC. Circadian disruption and human health. J Clin Invest. (2021) 131:e148286. doi: 10.1172\/JCI148286,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1172\/JCI148286"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8483747"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34596053"}]}},{"Citation":"Berglund B, Lindvall T, Schwela DH, World Health Organization, Occupational and Environmental Health Team. Guidelines for Community Noise. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO). (1999)."},{"Citation":"Panda S. The arrival of circadian medicine. Nat Rev Endocrinol. (2019) 15:67\u20139. doi: 10.1038\/s41574-018-0142-x,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0142-x"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30602736"}]}},{"Citation":"Kramer A, Lange T, Spies C, Finger AM, Berg D, Oster H. Foundations of circadian medicine. PLoS Biol. (2022) 20:e3001567. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001567,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001567"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8946668"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35324893"}]}},{"Citation":"Luther R, McLeod A. The effect of chronotherapy on delirium in critical care \u2013 a systematic review. Nurs Crit Care. (2018) 23:283\u201390. doi: 10.1111\/nicc.12300,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/nicc.12300"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28508438"}]}},{"Citation":"Luetz A, Spies C, Kervezee L. It\u2019s about time: circadian medicine in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. (2024) 50:283\u20136. doi: 10.1007\/s00134-023-07297-0,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07297-0"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38112772"}]}},{"Citation":"Hatfield LA, Murphy N, Karp K, Polomano RC. A systematic review of behavioral and environmental interventions for procedural pain management in preterm infants. J Pediatr Nurs. (2019) 44:22\u201330. doi: 10.1016\/j.pedn.2018.10.004,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2018.10.004"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30683278"}]}},{"Citation":"Hiemstra FW, Gonz\u00e1lez LB, Engelhardt LJ, Hancke L, Pilz LK, Adler AI, et al. Challenges and recommendations for integrating circadian medicine in critical care: a roadmap. Chest. (2025). doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2025.12.010","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.12.010"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41429288"}]}},{"Citation":"Knauert MP, Ayas NT, Anderson BJ, Bosma KJ, Cordoza ML, Devlin JW, et al. Causes, consequences, and treatments of sleep and circadian disruption in the ICU: an official American Thoracic Society research statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med American Thoracic Society. (2023) 207:E49\u201368. doi: 10.1164\/rccm.202301-0184ST,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0184ST"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10111990"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36999950"}]}},{"Citation":"Lewis P, Wild U, Pillow JJ, Foster RG, Erren TC. A systematic review of chronobiology for neonatal care units: what we know and what we should consider. Sleep Med Rev. (2024) 73:101872. doi: 10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101872,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2023.101872"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38000120"}]}},{"Citation":"Li J, Fan Y, Luo R, Yin N, Wang Y, Jing J, et al. The impact of non-pharmacological sleep interventions on delirium prevention and sleep improvement in postoperative ICU patients: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. (2025) 87:103925. doi: 10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103925,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2024.103925"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39709722"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhang S, Han Y, Xiao Q, Li H, Wu Y. Effectiveness of bundle interventions on ICU delirium: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. (2021) 49:335\u201346. doi: 10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004773,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004773"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7803454"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33332818"}]}},{"Citation":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. (2021) 372:n71. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.n71,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC8005924"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"33782057"}]}},{"Citation":"Corrotea-Maltez CC, Fern\u00e1ndez-Flores CV, Gutierrez-Neira CL, Nirrian-P\u00e9rez AJ, Mansilla-Mu\u00f1oz J, Bustos-Gonz\u00e1lez L. Effectiveness of combined versus single circadian interventions in pediatric intensive care units: a systematic review protocol protocol for a systematic review of circadian interventions in PICUs [Epubh ahead of preprint]. (2025) doi: 10.1101\/2025.08.19.25334031","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1101\/2025.08.19.25334031"}]}},{"Citation":"O\u2019Connor D, Green S, Higgins JP. \"Defining the review question and developing criteria for including studies\". In: Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd. (2008). p. 81\u201394."},{"Citation":"Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley &amp; Sons; (2019). p. 1\u2013659."},{"Citation":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. (2019) 366:l4898. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.l4898","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31462531"}]}},{"Citation":"Sterne JA, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, Savovi\u0107 J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. (2016) 355:i4919. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.i4919","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC5062054"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27733354"}]}},{"Citation":"Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. (2020) 367:l6890. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.l6890","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC7190266"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31948937"}]}},{"Citation":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the journal of clinical epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. (2011) 64:380\u20132. doi: 10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"21185693"}]}},{"Citation":"Sch\u00fcnemann H, Bro\u017cek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A. (2013). GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Available online at: https:\/\/gdt.guidelinedevelopment.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html (accessed January 28, 2026)"},{"Citation":"Ezabadi AR, Dehghani K, Fallahzade H. Effect of the artificial night with facilitated tucking and artificial night alone on the physiological indices of premature infants. Iran J Neonatol. (2020) 11:91\u20138. doi: 10.22038\/ijn.2020.42009.1696","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22038\/ijn.2020.42009.1696"}]}},{"Citation":"Abdel Hamid TA, Abdel Latif DK, Bakeer A, Ibrahim AA, Nasef KA. Effect of light and noise on physiological parameters in a sample of preterm neonates in the neonatal intensive care of Cairo University teaching hospital. Iran J Neonatol. (2021) 12:37\u201345. doi: 10.22038\/ijn.2021.51741.1941","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22038\/ijn.2021.51741.1941"}]}},{"Citation":"Akarsu \u00d6, Balci S. The effect of a noise and light-reducing hat on the comfort and physiologic parameters of the preterm neonates. Ann Clin Anal Med. (2022) 13:1092\u20137. doi: 10.4328\/acam.21219","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4328\/acam.21219"}]}},{"Citation":"\u00cdncekar, MC, G\u00f6zen D, Tastekin A. The effect of light and noise reduction on the sleep state of preterm infants. Ann Clin Anal Med (2022) 13:914\u2013918. doi:doi: 10.4328\/acam.21162","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4328\/acam.21162"}]}},{"Citation":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez M, Garc\u00eda TL, Heredia D, Res\u00e9ndiz I, Cruz L, Santiago J, et al. Effect of a light-darkness cycle on the body weight gain of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Sci Rep. (2022) 12:17833. doi: 10.1038\/s41598-022-22533-1,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22533-1"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9584226"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36266474"}]}},{"Citation":"Vadakkan AJ, Prabakaran V. Comparison of the effect of nesting and swaddling on sleep duration and arousal frequency among preterm neonates: a randomized clinical trial. J Caring Sci. (2022) 11:126\u201331. doi: 10.34172\/jcs.2022.17,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.34172\/jcs.2022.17"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9526794"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36247038"}]}},{"Citation":"Bloch-Salisbury E, McKenna L, Boland E, Chin D. Assessment of a hearing protection device on infant sleep in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Sleep Res. (2023) 32:e13610. doi: 10.1111\/jsr.13610,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1111\/jsr.13610"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9589402"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"35460141"}]}},{"Citation":"Bradford C, Miller JL, Harkin M, Chaaban H, Neely SB, Johnson PN. Melatonin use in infants admitted to intensive care units. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. (2023) 28:635\u201342. doi: 10.5863\/1551-6776-28.7.635,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.5863\/1551-6776-28.7.635"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10681084"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38025149"}]}},{"Citation":"\u00c7etin K, Ekici B. The effect of incubator cover on newborn vital signs: the Design of Repeated Measurements in two separate groups with no control group. Children. (2023) 10:1224. doi: 10.3390\/children10071224,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/children10071224"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC10378478"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37508721"}]}},{"Citation":"Curley MAQ, Dawkins-Henry OS, Kalvas LB, Perry-Eaddy MA, Georgostathi G, Yuan I, et al. The nurse-implemented Chronotherapeutic bundle in critically ill children, RESTORE resilience (R2): pilot testing in a two-phase cohort study, 2017\u20132021. Pediatr Crit Care Med. (2024) 25:1051\u201364. doi: 10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003595,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003595"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11534519"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"39133067"}]}},{"Citation":"D\u00fcken ME, Yayan EH. The effects of massage therapy and white noise application on premature infants\u2019 sleep. Explore. (2024) 20:319\u201327. doi: 10.1016\/j.explore.2023.09.002,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.explore.2023.09.002"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37806925"}]}},{"Citation":"Hendy A, Alsharkaw SS, El-Nagger NS, Hendy A, Sayed S, Nashwan AJ. Outcome of creating clustering nursing care and healing environment on premature infants\u2019 behavioural outcomes. BMJ Paediatr Open. (2024) 8:e002716. doi: 10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-002716,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2024-002716"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11340664"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38977353"}]}},{"Citation":"Vergne O, de Abreu AC, Braga A, de Oliveira M, Alquati T, Tonon AC, et al. Use of light protection equipment at night reduces time until discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized interventional study. J Biol Rhythm. (2024) 39:68\u201378. doi: 10.1177\/07487304231201752,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1177\/07487304231201752"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"37846856"}]}},{"Citation":"Olgun AB, Y\u00fcksel D, Yard\u0131mc\u0131 F. The effect of a light-dark cycle on premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Nurs. (2024) 77:e343\u20139. doi: 10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.04.050","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.04.050"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38724313"}]}},{"Citation":"Sabagh K, Ghaljaei F. The interventional effect of quiet time protocol on the sleep status of premature neonates admitted to the NICU. Iran J Neonatol. (2024) 15:53\u201362. doi: 10.22038\/IJN.2023.73016.2414","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22038\/IJN.2023.73016.2414"}]}},{"Citation":"Suna Da\u011f Y, Yayan EH. The effect of facilitated tucking and white noise on stress and sleep of newborns receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure. J Pediatr Nurs. (2024) 77:e442\u20139. doi: 10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.05.008,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2024.05.008"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38729891"}]}},{"Citation":"Ray SS, Wilson LP, Khan Z, Patil PN. Effect of earmuff use on physiological and behavioral responses in preterm neonates: a non-randomized, controlled, before-after, quality improvement, observational prospective cohort study. Eur J Pediatr. (2025) 184:217. doi: 10.1007\/s00431-025-06055-2,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06055-2"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"40024939"}]}},{"Citation":"Temizsoy E, Uysal G, Karadag N. The effect of a Chronobiological feeding model on growth parameters and length of hospitalization in preterm infants: a randomized controlled study. Breastfeed Med. (2025) 20:432\u201340. doi: 10.1089\/bfm.2024.0221,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1089\/bfm.2024.0221"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"40195944"}]}},{"Citation":"Zhao W, Li H, Guo H, Yuan E, Cao F, Shi Y, et al. Application of music intervention combined with multidimensional nursing in very low birth weight infants: a retrospective cohort study. Noise Health. (2025) 27:422\u20139. doi: 10.4103\/nah.nah_33_25,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4103\/nah.nah_33_25"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC12459712"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"40932077"}]}},{"Citation":"Abdeyazdan Z, Ghassemi S, Marofi M. The effects of earmuff on physiologic and motor responses in premature infants admitted in neonatal intensive care unit. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. (2014) 19:107\u201312.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4020017"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24834077"}]}},{"Citation":"Reyhani T, Aemmi SZ, Sannadgol V, Boskabadi H. The effect of creating an artificial night on physiological changes in preterm infants. Int J Pediatr. (2014) 2:4\u20137. Available online at: http:\/\/ijp.mums.ac.ir\/article_3361.html"},{"Citation":"Esmaeilizadeh M, Shoja M, Shoja E, Shoja M, Nejat H, Oudi D. Comparing the effects of continuous and cyclical lightings on weight gain and length of hospital stay among preterm neonates. Mod Care J. (2016) 13:12\u201318. doi: 10.17795\/modernc.8951","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.17795\/modernc.8951"}]}},{"Citation":"Khalesi N, Khosravi N, Ranjbar A, Godarzi Z, Karimi A. The effectiveness of earmuffs on the physiologic and behavioral stability in preterm infants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. (2017) 98:43\u20137. doi: 10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.04.028,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.04.028"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28583502"}]}},{"Citation":"Valizadeh S, Hosseini M, Jafarabadi MA, Mirnia K, Saeidi F, Jabraeeli M. Comparison of 2 methods of light reduction on preterm infants\u2019 sleep pattern in NICU: a randomized controlled trial. Crescent J Med Biol Sci. (2017) 4:211\u20136. doi: 10.22038\/cjmb.2017.54593","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22038\/cjmb.2017.54593"}]}},{"Citation":"Karami S, Marofi M. Comparison between the effects of environmental and behavioral interventions on sleep cycle of preterm infants in NICU. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. (2018) 25:505\u20138. Available online at: https:\/\/jkmu.kmu.ac.ir\/article_87042.html"},{"Citation":"Bazregari M, Mirlashari J, Ranjbar H, Pouraboli B. Effect of clustered nursing care on sleep behaviors of the preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Iran J Neonatol. (2019) 10:14\u201320. doi: 10.22038\/ijn.2019.34814.1516","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.22038\/ijn.2019.34814.1516"}]}},{"Citation":"Zeraati H, Nasimi F, Ghorbanzadeh M, Sarani A. Effects of a quiet time protocol implementation on respiratory rate and SpO2 in preterm infants. Shiraz E Medical Journal. (2019) 20:e84063. doi: 10.5812\/semj.84063","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.5812\/semj.84063"}]}},{"Citation":"Mony K, Selvam V, Diwakar K, Raghavan VR. Effect of nesting on sleep pattern among preterm infants admitted in NICU. Biomed Res. (2018) 10:1994\u20137. doi: 10.4066\/biomedicalresearch.29-18-326","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4066\/biomedicalresearch.29-18-326"}]}},{"Citation":"Miller CL, White R, Whitman TL, O\u2019callaghan MF, Maxwell SE. The effects of cycled versus noncycled lighting on growth and development in preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. (1995) 18:87\u201395. doi: 10.1016\/0163-6383(95)90010-1","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/0163-6383(95)90010-1"}]}},{"Citation":"Rivkees SA, Mayes L, Jacobs H, Gross I. Rest-activity patterns of premature infants are regulated by cycled lighting. Pediatrics. (2004) 113:833\u20139. doi: 10.1542\/peds.113.4.833.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1542\/peds.113.4.833."},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15060235"}]}},{"Citation":"Abou Turk C, Williams AL, Lasky RE. A randomized clinical trial evaluating silicone earplugs for very low birth weight newborns in intensive care. J Perinatol. (2009) 29:358\u201363. doi: 10.1038\/jp.2008.236,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/jp.2008.236"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC2674530"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"19194455"}]}},{"Citation":"Brandon DH, Silva SG, Park J, Malcolm W, Kamhawy H, Holditch-Davis D. Timing for the introduction of cycled light for extremely preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. Res Nurs Health. (2017) 40:294\u2013310. doi: 10.1002\/nur.21797,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/nur.21797"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC5522348"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"28431191"}]}},{"Citation":"Ara\u00fajo FM, Pedreira M d LG, Avelar AFM, Pradella-Hallinan ML d C, Tsunemi MH, Pinheiro EM. Sleep and salivary cortisol in preterm neonates: a clinical, randomized, controlled, crossover study. Rev Bras Enferm. (2018) 71:1358\u201365. doi: 10.1590\/0034-7167-2017-0546","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2017-0546"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"29972535"}]}},{"Citation":"Sato MH, Pedreira M d LG, Avelar AFM, Tsunemi MH, Orsi KCSC, Pradella-Hallinan ML d C, et al. Influence of ear protectors on the sleep of preterm newborns: a randomized controlled clinical study. Clin Nurs Res. (2020) 29:260\u20137. doi: 10.1177\/1054773818806171","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1177\/1054773818806171"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"30338694"}]}},{"Citation":"Mann NP, Haddow R, Stokes L, Goodley S, Rutter N. Effect of night and day on preterm infants in a newborn nursery: randomised trial. Br Med J. (1986) 293:1265\u20137. doi: 10.1136\/bmj.293.6557.1265,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6557.1265"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC1342106"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"3096460"}]}},{"Citation":"Aita M, Johnston C, Goulet C, Oberlander TF, Snider L. Intervention minimizing preterm infants\u2019 exposure to NICU light and noise. Clin Nurs Res. (2013) 22:337\u201358. doi: 10.1177\/1054773812469223,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1177\/1054773812469223"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"23275433"}]}},{"Citation":"Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas L, Inghammar M, Isaksson K, Ros\u00e9n I, Stjernqvist K. Short-term effects of incubator covers on quiet sleep in stable premature infants. Acta Paediatr. (2001) 90:1004\u20138. doi: 10.1080\/080352501316978075,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1080\/080352501316978075"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"11683187"}]}},{"Citation":"Kaneshi Y, Ohta H, Morioka K, Hayasaka I, Uzuki Y, Akimoto T, et al. Influence of light exposure at nighttime on sleep development and body growth of preterm infants. Sci Rep. (2016) 6:21680. doi: 10.1038\/srep21680,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/srep21680"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC4753683"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"26877166"}]}},{"Citation":"Jung IS. Effects of cycled lighting on body weight, physiological variables and behavioral states in low birth weight infants. J Korean Acad Nurs. (2005) 35:143\u201353. doi: 10.4040\/jkan.2005.35.1.143,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4040\/jkan.2005.35.1.143"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"15778566"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee S-J, Han K-J, Bang K-S. Effects of cycled lighting on circadian rhythms of premature infants. J Korean Acad Child Health Nurs. (2012) 18:85\u201394. doi: 10.4094\/jkachn.2012.18.2.85","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.4094\/jkachn.2012.18.2.85"}]}},{"Citation":"V\u00e1squez-Ruiz S, Maya-Barrios JA, Torres-Narv\u00e1ez P, Vega-Mart\u00ednez BR, Rojas-Granados A, Escobar C, et al. A light\/dark cycle in the NICU accelerates body weight gain and shortens time to discharge in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. (2014) 90:535\u201340. doi: 10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.04.015,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.04.015"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"24831970"}]}},{"Citation":"Lee C, Smith M, Eastman C. A compromise phase position for permanent night shift workers: circadian phase after two night shifts with scheduled sleep and light\/dark exposure. Chronobiol Int. (2006) 23:859\u201375. doi: 10.1080\/07420520600827160","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1080\/07420520600827160"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"16887753"}]}},{"Citation":"Swaab DF, Hofman MA, Honnebier MBOM. Development of vasopressin neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to birth. Dev Brain Res. (1990) 52:289\u201393. doi: 10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90247-v,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90247-v"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"2331797"}]}},{"Citation":"Reppert SM, Weaver DR. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature. (2002) 418:935\u201341. doi: 10.1038\/nature00965,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1038\/nature00965"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"12198538"}]}},{"Citation":"Seron-Ferre M, Valenzuela GJ, Torres-Farfan C. Circadian clocks during embryonic and fetal development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. (2007) 81:204\u201314. doi: 10.1002\/bdrc.20101,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/bdrc.20101"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"17963275"}]}},{"Citation":"Escobar C, Rojas-Granados A, Angeles-Castellanos M. \"Development of the circadian system and relevance of periodic signals for neonatal development\". In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. (2021). p. 249\u201358.","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"34225966"}]}},{"Citation":"Morag I, Ohlsson A. Cycled light in the intensive care unit for preterm and low birth weight infants (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2016) 2016:CD006982. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD006982.pub4","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006982.pub4"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6464252"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"27508358"}]}},{"Citation":"Wasden K, Intihar T, Knauert M. Light spectra: an important consideration for circadian alignment in the MEDICAL ICU. Chest. (2021) 160:A2425. doi: 10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.2096","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.2096"}]}},{"Citation":"Sibrecht G, Wr\u00f3blewska-Seniuk K, Bruschettini M. Noise or sound management in the neonatal intensive care unit for preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2024) 2024:CD010333. doi: 10.1002\/14651858.CD010333.pub4","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010333.pub4"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC11137833"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38813836"}]}},{"Citation":"Spitschan M, Stefani O, Blattner P, Gronfier C, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ. How to report light exposure in human chronobiology and sleep research experiments. Clocks Sleep. (2019) 1:280\u20139. doi: 10.3390\/clockssleep1030024,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/clockssleep1030024"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC6609447"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"31281903"}]}},{"Citation":"Phillips R, Solomon J, Dixon L, Altimier L. Neuroprotective infant and family-centered developmental Care for the Tiniest Babies. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. (2024) 36:167\u201384. doi: 10.1016\/j.cnc.2023.11.003,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2023.11.003"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"38705686"}]}},{"Citation":"Firmino C, Rodrigues M, Franco S, Ferreira J, Sim\u00f5es AR, Castro C, et al. Nursing interventions that promote sleep in preterm newborns in the neonatal intensive care units: an integrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19:10953. doi: 10.3390\/ijerph191710953,","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.3390\/ijerph191710953"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pmc"},"@text":"PMC9518210"},{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"36078666"}]}},{"Citation":"Altimier L, Phillips R. The neonatal integrative developmental care model: advanced clinical applications of the seven core measures for neuroprotective family-centered developmental care. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. (2016) 16:230\u201344. doi: 10.1053\/j.nainr.2016.09.030","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"doi"},"@text":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2016.09.030"}]}}]}]}}}