{"PubmedArticle":{"MedlineCitation":{"@attributes":{"Status":"MEDLINE","Owner":"NLM","IndexingMethod":"Automated"},"PMID":{"@attributes":{"Version":"1"},"@text":"41979527"},"DateCompleted":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"14"},"DateRevised":{"Year":"2026","Month":"04","Day":"14"},"Article":{"@attributes":{"PubModel":"Print"},"Journal":{"ISSN":{"@attributes":{"IssnType":"Print"},"@text":"1066-2936"},"JournalIssue":{"@attributes":{"CitedMedium":"Internet"},"Volume":"53","Issue":"1","PubDate":{"Year":"2026","Season":"First Quarter"}},"Title":"Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc","ISOAbbreviation":"Undersea Hyperb Med"},"ArticleTitle":"Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive Structure Review.","Pagination":{"StartPage":"65","EndPage":"82","MedlinePgn":"65-82"},"Abstract":{"AbstractText":[{"@attributes":{"Label":"INTRODUCTION","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO\u2082) treatment has sparked increasing attention as a potential therapeutic intervention for traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the variability in findings necessitates a comprehensive analysis of recent literature. This review aims to evaluate the latest empirical evidence on the effectiveness of HBO\u2082 treatment for TBI, focusing on its impact on neurological recovery, cognitive function, and physiological markers."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"METHODS","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"To achieve this, we extensively searched scholarly articles in reputable databases such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), focusing on studies published between 2015 and 2024, and followed the PRISMA framework for study selection. The final dataset comprised 74 cases (n=74) and was analyzed using both quantitative methods (descriptive statistics) and qualitative techniques (thematic analysis). The findings were divided into three themes: (1) clinical efficacy of HBO\u2082 treatment for TBI, (2) mechanisms of action and biological pathways in HBO\u2082 treatment, and (3) evolving therapeutic applications of HBO\u2082 in TBI."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"RESULTS","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"Mixed outcomes; while some studies reported significant cognitive, physiological, and clinical improvements, others raised concerns about methodological variability and limited reproducibility. Mechanistic studies highlighted HBO\u2082's role in modulating pathways such as TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and VEGF\/ERK, facilitating neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Emerging therapies combining HBO\u2082 with regenerative approaches, such as stem cell treatments, showed promise in enhancing recovery."},{"@attributes":{"Label":"DISCUSSION","NlmCategory":"UNASSIGNED"},"@text":"In conclusion, HBO\u2082 treatment demonstrates clinical efficacy in improving memory, executive function, and neuroprotection, particularly in the treatment of post-concussive symptoms. Mechanistic studies highlight its role in reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress while promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis. However, standardized protocols and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm its full therapeutic potential in TBI management."}],"CopyrightInformation":"Copyright\u00a9 Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society."},"AuthorList":{"@attributes":{"CompleteYN":"Y"},"Author":[{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Jusoh","ForeName":"Azizul Fadzli","Initials":"AF","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia."},{"Affiliation":"Emergency & Trauma Department, Hospital Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Ismail","ForeName":"Ismawati","Initials":"I","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia."},{"Affiliation":"Emergency & Trauma Department, Hospital Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Yahaya","ForeName":"Rosliza","Initials":"R","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia."},{"Affiliation":"Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Hassan","ForeName":"Azlie","Initials":"A","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Emergency & Trauma Department, Hospital Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia."}]},{"@attributes":{"ValidYN":"Y"},"LastName":"Yusoff","ForeName":"Harmy Mohamed","Initials":"HM","AffiliationInfo":[{"Affiliation":"Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia."}]}]},"Language":["eng"],"PublicationTypeList":{"PublicationType":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016428"},"@text":"Journal Article"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016454"},"@text":"Review"}]}},"MedlineJournalInfo":{"Country":"United States","MedlineTA":"Undersea Hyperb Med","NlmUniqueID":"9312954","ISSNLinking":"1066-2936"},"ChemicalList":{"Chemical":[{"RegistryNumber":"0","NameOfSubstance":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D042461"},"@text":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A"}}]},"CitationSubset":["IM"],"MeshHeadingList":{"MeshHeading":[{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006931","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Hyperbaric Oxygenation"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000379","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"methods"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D006801","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Humans"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D000070642","MajorTopicYN":"Y"},"@text":"Brain Injuries, Traumatic"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000628","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"therapy"},{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000503","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiopathology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D003071","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Cognition"},"QualifierName":[{"@attributes":{"UI":"Q000502","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"physiology"}]},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D020127","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Recovery of Function"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D016896","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Treatment Outcome"}},{"DescriptorName":{"@attributes":{"UI":"D042461","MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A"}}]},"KeywordList":[{"@attributes":{"Owner":"NOTNLM"},"Keyword":[{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"HBO\u2082 treatment"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"Hyperbaric oxygen treatment"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"hyperbaric research"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"trauma"},{"@attributes":{"MajorTopicYN":"N"},"@text":"traumatic brain injury"}]}],"CoiStatement":"The authors of this paper declare no conflicts of interest exist with this submission."},"PubmedData":{"History":{"PubMedPubDate":[{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"medline"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"14","Hour":"12","Minute":"36"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"pubmed"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"14","Hour":"12","Minute":"35"},{"@attributes":{"PubStatus":"entrez"},"Year":"2026","Month":"4","Day":"14","Hour":"10","Minute":"22"}]},"PublicationStatus":"ppublish","ArticleIdList":{"ArticleId":[{"@attributes":{"IdType":"pubmed"},"@text":"41979527"}]}}}}