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{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{About|estrone sulfate as a hormone|its use as a medication|Estrone sulfate (medication)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Chembox

| ImageFile = Estrone sulfate.svg
| ImageClass = skin-invert
| ImageSize = 250px
| ImageAlt = Skeletal formula of estrone sulfate
| ImageFile2 = Estrone sulfate 3D ball.png
| ImageSize2 = 250px
| ImageAlt2 = Space-filling model of the estrone sulfate molecule

| IUPACName = 17-Oxoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-yl hydrogen sulfate
| SystematicName = (3a''S'',3b''R'',9b''S'',11a''S'')-11a-Methyl-1-oxo-2,3,3a,3b,4,5,9b,10,11,11a-decahydro-1''H''-cyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-7-yl hydrogen sulfate
| OtherNames = E1S; Oestrone sulfate; Estrone 3-sulfate; Estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 481-97-0
| CASNoOther = 438-67-5 (sodium salt)
| ChEBI = 17474
| ChEMBL = 494753
| ChemSpiderID = 2272513
| DrugBank = DB04574
| EC_number = 207-120-4
| InChI = 1S/C18H22O5S/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(23-24(20,21)22)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)19/h3,5,10,14-16H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3,(H,20,21,22)/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1
| InChIKey = JKKFKPJIXZFSSB-CBZIJGRNSA-N
| KEGG = C02538
| PubChem = 3001028
| SMILES = C[C@]12CC[C@H]3[C@H]([C@@H]1CCC2=O)CCC4=C3C=CC(=C4)OS(=O)(=O)O
| UNII = QTL48N278K
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=18 | H=22 | O=5 | S=1
| MolarMass = 350.429 g/mol
| Appearance =
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility =
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt =
}}
}}

'''Estrone sulfate''', also known as '''E1S''', '''E1SO4''' and '''estrone 3-sulfate''', is a [[natural product|natural]], [[endogenous]] [[steroid]] and an [[estrogen ester]] and [[estrogen conjugate|conjugate]].<ref name="pmid27960570">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rezvanpour A, Don-Wauchope AC | title = Clinical implications of estrone sulfate measurement in laboratory medicine | journal = Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–86 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27960570 | doi = 10.1080/10408363.2016.1252310 | s2cid = 1825531 }}</ref><ref name="Lobo2007">{{cite book| first = Rogerio A. | last = Lobo |title=Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gywV9hkcyOMC&pg=PA768|date=5 June 2007|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-055309-2|pages=768–}}</ref><ref name="pmid16112947">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuhl H | title = Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration | journal = Climacteric | volume = 8 | pages = 3–63 | year = 2005 | issue = Suppl 1 | pmid = 16112947 | doi = 10.1080/13697130500148875 | s2cid = 24616324 | url = http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf}}</ref>

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, estrone sulfate is used as a [[medication]], for instance in [[menopausal hormone therapy]]; for information on estrone sulfate as a medication, see the [[estrone sulfate (medication)]] article.

==Biological function==
E1S itself is biologically inactive, with less than 1% of the [[relative binding affinity]] of estradiol for the [[ERα]] and [[ERβ]].<ref name="pmid16112947" /><ref name="pmid9048584">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Häggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA | title = Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 138 | issue = 3 | pages = 863–70 | date = March 1997 | pmid = 9048584 | doi = 10.1210/endo.138.3.4979 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, it can be [[biotransformation|transformed]] by [[steroid sulfatase]], also known as estrogen sulfatase, into [[estrone]], an [[estrogen]].<ref name="FalconeHurd2013">{{cite book | first1 = Tommaso | last1 = Falcone | first2 = William W. | last2 = Hurd |title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery: A Practical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TAYnR1b8jRkC&pg=PA5|date=22 May 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-6837-0|pages=5–6}}</ref> Simultaneously, [[estrogen sulfotransferase]]s, including [[SULT1A1]] and [[SULT1E1]], convert estrone to E1S, resulting in an [[chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] between the two steroids in various tissues.<ref name="pmid27960570" /><ref name="FalconeHurd2013" /> Estrone can also be converted by [[17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase]]s into the more [[potency (pharmacology)|potent]] estrogen [[estradiol]].<ref name="pmid27960570" /> E1S levels are much higher than those of estrone and estradiol, and it is thought to serve as a long-lasting reservoir for estrone and [[estradiol]] in the body.<ref name="pmid27960570" /><ref name="MelmedPolonsky2015">{{cite book |first1 = Shlomo | last1 = Melmed | first2 = Kenneth S. | last2 = Polonsky | first3 = P. Reed | last3 = Larsen | first4 = Henry M. | last4 = Kronenberg |title=Williams Textbook of Endocrinology |edition=13th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPIACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA607 |date=11 November 2015 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-34157-8 |pages=607–}}</ref><ref name="GreenblattBrogan2016">{{cite book | first1 = James M. | last1 = Greenblatt | first2 = Kelly | last2 = Brogan |title=Integrative Therapies for Depression: Redefining Models for Assessment, Treatment and Prevention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|date=27 April 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4987-0230-0|pages=198–}}</ref> In accordance, E1S has been found to [[transactivation|transactivate]] the [[estrogen receptor]] at physiologically relevant concentrations.<ref name="pmid26666359">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bjerregaard-Olesen C, Ghisari M, Kjeldsen LS, Wielsøe M, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC | title = Estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate: Transactivation of the estrogen and androgen receptor | journal = Steroids | volume = 105 | pages = 50–8 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26666359 | doi = 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.009 | s2cid = 46663814 }}</ref><ref name="ClarkPrough2018">{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=Barbara J.|title=Dehydroepiandrosterone|last2=Prough|first2=Russell A.|last3=Klinge|first3=Carolyn M.|chapter=Mechanisms of Action of Dehydroepiandrosterone|volume=108|year=2018|pages=29–73|issn=0083-6729|doi=10.1016/bs.vh.2018.02.003|series=Vitamins and Hormones|pmid=30029731|isbn=978-0-12-814361-2}}</ref> This was diminished with co-application of [[irosustat]] (STX-64), a [[steroid sulfatase inhibitor]], indicating the importance of transformation of estrone sulfate into estrone in the estrogenicity of E1S.<ref name="pmid26666359" /><ref name="ClarkPrough2018" />

Unlike unconjugated estradiol and estrone, which are [[lipophilic]] compounds, E1S is an [[anion]] and is [[hydrophilic]].<ref name="pmid21693170">{{cite journal | vauthors = Purohit A, Woo LW, Potter BV | title = Steroid sulfatase: a pivotal player in estrogen synthesis and metabolism | journal = Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. | volume = 340 | issue = 2 | pages = 154–60 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21693170 | doi = 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.012 | s2cid = 14296237 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00717913/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.mce.2011.06.012.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid28527781">{{cite journal | vauthors = Africander D, Storbeck KH | title = Steroid metabolism in breast cancer: Where are we and what are we missing? | journal = Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. | volume = 466 | pages = 86–97 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 28527781 | doi = 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.016 | s2cid = 4547808 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26213785">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA | title = The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation | journal = Endocr. Rev. | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 526–63 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26213785 | pmc = 4591525 | doi = 10.1210/er.2015-1036 }}</ref> As a result of this, whereas estradiol and estrone are able to readily diffuse through the [[lipid bilayer]]s of cells, E1S is unable to permeate through [[cell membrane]]s.<ref name="pmid21693170" /><ref name="pmid28527781" /><ref name="pmid26213785" /> Instead, estrone sulfate is transported into cells in a tissue-specific manner by [[active transport]] via [[organic-anion-transporting polypeptide]]s (OATPs), including [[OATP1A2]], [[OATP1B1]], [[OATP1B3]], [[OATP1C1]], [[OATP2B1]], [[OATP3A1]], [[OATP4A1]], and [[OATP4C1]], as well as by the [[sodium-dependent organic anion transporter]] (SOAT; SLC10A6).<ref name="pmid28527781" /><ref name="pmid26213785" /><ref name="pmid21854228">{{cite journal | vauthors = Obaidat A, Roth M, Hagenbuch B | title = The expression and function of organic anion transporting polypeptides in normal tissues and in cancer | journal = Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. | volume = 52 | pages = 135–51 | date = 2012 | pmid = 21854228 | pmc = 3257355 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100556 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30186172">{{cite journal | vauthors = Karakus E, Zahner D, Grosser G, Leidolf R, Gundogdu C, Sánchez-Guijo A, Wudy SA, Geyer J | title = Estrone-3-Sulfate Stimulates the Proliferation of T47D Breast Cancer Cells Stably Transfected With the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter SOAT (SLC10A6) | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 9 | pages = 941 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30186172 | pmc = 6111516 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2018.00941 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

E1S, serving as a precursor and intermediate for estrone and estradiol, may be involved in the [[pathophysiology]] of [[estrogen-dependent condition|estrogen-associated disease]]s including [[breast cancer]], [[benign breast disease]], [[endometrial cancer]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[prostate cancer]], and [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name="pmid27960570" /><ref name="pmid23717534">{{cite journal | vauthors = Banerjee N, Fonge H, Mikhail A, Reilly RM, Bendayan R, Allen C | title = Estrone-3-sulphate, a potential novel ligand for targeting breast cancers | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = e64069 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23717534 | pmc = 3661587 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0064069 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...864069B | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid28326039">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilligan LC, Gondal A, Tang V, Hussain MT, Arvaniti A, Hewitt AM, Foster PA | title = Estrone Sulfate Transport and Steroid Sulfatase Activity in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Hormone Replacement Therapy | journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 8 | pages = 103 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28326039 | pmc = 5339229 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2017.00103 | doi-access = free }}</ref> For this reason, [[enzyme inhibitor]]s of steroid sulfatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and inhibitors of OATPs, which prevent activation of E1S into estrone and estradiol, are of interest in the potential treatment of such conditions.<ref name="pmid27960570" /><ref name="pmid28326039" /><ref name="pmid23717534" />

{{Affinities and estrogenic potencies of estrogen esters and ethers at the estrogen receptors}}

==Chemistry==
{{See also|List of estrogens|Estrogen ester|List of estrogen esters}}

E1S, also known as estrone 3-sulfate or as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one 3-sulfate, is a [[natural product|naturally occurring]] [[estrane]] [[steroid]] and a [[chemical derivative|derivative]] of [[estrone]].<ref name="Elks2014">{{cite book| vauthors = Elks J |title=The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA900|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3|pages=900–}}</ref> It is an [[estrogen conjugate]] or [[estrogen ester|ester]], and is specifically the C3 [[sulfate]] [[ester]] of estrone.<ref name="Elks2014" /> Related estrogen conjugates include [[estradiol sulfate]], [[estriol sulfate]], [[estrone glucuronide]], [[estradiol glucuronide]], and [[estriol glucuronide]], while related steroid conjugates include [[dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate]] and [[pregnenolone sulfate]].

The [[partition coefficient|logP]] of E1S is 1.4.<ref name="pmid23717534">{{cite journal | vauthors = Banerjee N, Fonge H, Mikhail A, Reilly RM, Bendayan R, Allen C | title = Estrone-3-sulphate, a potential novel ligand for targeting breast cancers | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = e64069 | date = 2013 | pmid = 23717534 | pmc = 3661587 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0064069 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...864069B | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Biochemistry==

===Biosynthesis===
E1S is produced via [[estrogen sulfotransferase]]s from the peripheral [[metabolism]] of the estrogens [[estradiol]] and [[estrone]].<ref name="LongcopeFlood1994">{{cite journal|last1=Longcope|first1=Christopher|last2=Flood|first2=Charles|last3=Tast|first3=Janet|title=The metabolism of estrone sulfate in the female rhesus monkey|journal=Steroids|volume=59|issue=4|year=1994|pages=270–273|issn=0039-128X|doi=10.1016/0039-128X(94)90112-0|pmid=8079382|s2cid=42846339|quote=The source of E1SO4 in humans is from the peripheral conversion of E1 and E2, 6,7 [...] In human females there is little evidence for the ovarian secretion of E1SO4. 7 Since most of our monkeys were ovariectomized, we cannot say that the rhesus ovaries do not secrete E1SO4, but it is probably unlikely.}}</ref><ref name="RuderLoriaux1972">{{cite journal|last1=Ruder|first1=Henry J.|last2=Loriaux|first2=Lynn|last3=Lipsett|first3=M. B.|title=Estrone Sulfate: Production Rate and Metabolism in Man|journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation|volume=51|issue=4|year=1972|pages=1020–1033|issn=0021-9738|doi=10.1172/JCI106862|pmc=302214|pmid=5014608}}</ref><ref name="Longcope1972">{{cite journal|last1=Longcope|first1=Christopher|title=The Metabolism of Estrone Sulfate in Normal Males|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=34|issue=1|year=1972|pages=113–122|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jcem-34-1-113|pmid=5008222}}</ref> Estrogen sulfotransferases are expressed minimally or not at all in the [[gonad]]s.<ref name="Hobkirk1985">{{cite journal|last1=Hobkirk|first1=R.|title=Steroid sulfotransferases and steroid sulfate sulfatases: characteristics and biological roles|journal=Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology|volume=63|issue=11|year=1985|pages=1127–1144|issn=0714-7511|doi=10.1139/o85-141|pmid=3910206}}</ref> In accordance, E1S is not secreted in meaningful amounts from the gonads in humans.<ref name="StraussBarbieri2019">{{cite book|last=Strauss|first=Jerome F.|chapter=Steroid Hormones and Other Lipid Molecules Involved in Human Reproduction|pages=75–114|doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-47912-7.00004-4|editor1=Jerome F. Strauss|editor2=Robert L. Barbieri|title=Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management|edition=8|year=2019|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-58232-2|s2cid=90621016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67ZEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97}}</ref><ref name="LongcopeFlood1994" /> However, measurable amounts of estrogen sulfates are said to be secreted by the ovaries in any case.<ref name="BrooksHorn1980">Brooks, S. C., Horn, L., Pack, B. A., Rozhin, J., Hansen, E., & Goldberg, R. (1980). Estrogen metabolism and function in vivo and in vitro. In Estrogens in the Environment (Vol. 5, pp. 147-167). Elsevier/North Holland New York.</ref>

{{Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones}}

===Distribution===
Whereas free steroids like estradiol are [[lipophilic]] and can enter cells via [[passive diffusion]], steroid conjugates like E1S are [[hydrophilic]] and are unable to do so.<ref name="pmid15561802" /><ref name="pmid14623518" /> Instead, steroid conjugates require [[active transport]] via [[membrane transport protein]]s to enter cells.<ref name="pmid15561802" /><ref name="pmid14623518" />

Studies in animals and humans have had mixed findings on uptake of exogenously administered E1S in normal and [[tumor]]ous [[mammary gland]] [[tissue (biology)|tissue]].<ref name="pmid1452119">{{cite journal | vauthors = Purohit A, Riaz AA, Ghilchik MW, Reed MJ | title = The origin of oestrone sulphate in normal and malignant breast tissues in postmenopausal women | journal = Horm. Metab. Res. | volume = 24 | issue = 11 | pages = 532–6 | date = November 1992 | pmid = 1452119 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-1003382 | s2cid = 260167615 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8903427">{{cite journal | vauthors = Masamura S, Santner SJ, Santen RJ | title = Evidence of in situ estrogen synthesis in nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors via the enzyme estrone sulfatase | journal = J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 425–9 | date = July 1996 | pmid = 8903427 | doi = 10.1016/0960-0760(96)00065-9 | s2cid = 22100628 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15351093">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thijssen JH | title = Local biosynthesis and metabolism of oestrogens in the human breast | journal = Maturitas | volume = 49 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–33 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15351093 | doi = 10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.06.004 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15561802">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reed MJ, Purohit A, Woo LW, Newman SP, Potter BV | title = Steroid sulfatase: molecular biology, regulation, and inhibition | journal = Endocr. Rev. | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–202 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15561802 | doi = 10.1210/er.2004-0003 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid14623518">{{cite journal | vauthors = Geisler J | title = Breast cancer tissue estrogens and their manipulation with aromatase inhibitors and inactivators | journal = J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. | volume = 86 | issue = 3–5 | pages = 245–53 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 14623518 | doi = 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00364-9 | s2cid = 23065230 }}</ref> This is in contrast to substantial uptake of exogenously administered estradiol and estrone by the mammary glands.<ref name="pmid1452119" /> Another animal study found that E1S wasn't taken up by the [[uterus]] but was taken up by the [[liver]], where it was [[hydrolysis|hydrolyzed]] into estrone.<ref name="pmid7358033">{{cite journal | vauthors = Holinka CF, Gurpide E | title = In vivo uptake of estrone sulfate by rabbit uterus | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 1193–7 | date = April 1980 | pmid = 7358033 | doi = 10.1210/endo-106-4-1193 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1452119" />

===Metabolism===
The [[elimination half-life]] of E1S is 10 to 12 hours.<ref name="pmid16112947" /> Its [[metabolic clearance rate]] is 80 L/day/m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="pmid16112947" />

[[Ovarian tumor]]s have been found to express [[steroid sulfatase]] and have been found to convert E1S into estradiol.<ref name="DayPurohit2009">{{cite journal|last1=Day|first1=Joanna M.|last2=Purohit|first2=Atul|last3=Tutill|first3=Helena J.|last4=Foster|first4=Paul A.|last5=Woo|first5=L. W. Lawrence|last6=Potter|first6=Barry V. L.|last7=Reed|first7=Michael J.|title=The Development of Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitors for Hormone-Dependent Cancer Therapy|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1155|issue=1|year=2009|pages=80–87|issn=0077-8923|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03677.x|pmid=19250195|bibcode=2009NYASA1155...80D |s2cid=25306673}}</ref><ref name="KirilovasSchedvins2009">{{cite journal|last1=Kirilovas|first1=Dmitrijus|last2=Schedvins|first2=Kjell|last3=Naessén|first3=Tord|last4=Von Schoultz|first4=Bo|last5=Carlström|first5=Kjell|title=Conversion of circulating estrone sulfate to 17β-estradiol by ovarian tumor tissue: A possible mechanism behind elevated circulating concentrations of 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women with ovarian tumors|journal=Gynecological Endocrinology|volume=23|issue=1|year=2009|pages=25–28|issn=0951-3590|doi=10.1080/09513590601058333|pmid=17484508|s2cid=25115594}}</ref> This may contribute to the often elevated levels of estradiol observed in women with [[ovarian cancer]].<ref name="DayPurohit2009" /><ref name="KirilovasSchedvins2009" />
{{Estradiol metabolism}}

===Levels===
[[File:Estradiol, estrone, and estrone sulfate levels during the normal human menstrual cycle.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|400px|Estrogen levels with [[radioimmunoassay]] (RIA) around [[mid-cycle]] during the normal [[menstrual cycle]] in women.<ref name="pmid2375600">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasqualini JR, Gelly C, Nguyen BL | title = Metabolism and biologic response of estrogen sulfates in hormone-dependent and hormone-independent mammary cancer cell lines. Effect of antiestrogens | journal = Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 595 | pages = 106–16 | date = 1990 | issue = 1 | pmid = 2375600 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb34286.x | bibcode = 1990NYASA.595..106P | s2cid = 26940935 }}</ref><ref name="pmid579025">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nuñez M, Aedo AR, Landgren BM, Cekan SZ, Diczfalusy E | title = Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. 6. Levels of oestrone sulphate and oestradiol sulphate | journal = Acta Endocrinol. | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 621–33 | date = November 1977 | pmid = 579025 | doi = 10.1530/acta.0.0860621 }}</ref> The vertical dashed line in the center is mid-cycle.]]

E1S levels have been characterized in humans.<ref name="pmid579025" /><ref name="pmid3653846">{{cite journal | vauthors = Honjo H, Kitawaki J, Itoh M, Yasuda J, Iwasaku K, Urabe M, Naitoh K, Yamamoto T, Okada H, Ohkubo T | title = Serum and urinary estrone sulfate during the menstrual cycle, measured by a direct radioimmunoassay, and fate of exogenously injected estrone sulfate | journal = Horm Res | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 61–8 | date = 1987 | pmid = 3653846 | doi = 10.1159/000180788 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9474019" /> E1S using [[radioimmunoassay]] (RIA) have been reported to be 0.96 ± 0.11 ng/mL in men, 0.96 ± 0.17 ng/mL during the [[follicular phase]] in women, 1.74 ± 0.32 ng/mL during the [[luteal phase]] in women, 0.74 ± 0.11 ng/mL in women taking [[oral contraceptive]]s, 0.13 ± 0.03 ng/mL in [[postmenopause|postmenopausal]] women, and 2.56 ± 0.47 ng/mL in postmenopausal women on [[menopausal hormone therapy]].<ref name="pmid9474019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranadive GN, Mistry JS, Damodaran K, Khosravi MJ, Diamandi A, Gimpel T, Castracane VD, Patel S, Stanczyk FZ | title = Rapid, convenient radioimmunoassay of estrone sulfate | journal = Clin. Chem. | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 244–9 | date = February 1998 | pmid = 9474019 | doi = 10.1093/clinchem/44.2.244 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In addition, E1S levels in [[pregnancy|pregnant]] women were 19 ± 5 ng/mL in the first trimester, 66 ± 31 ng/mL in the second trimester, and 105 ± 22 ng/mL in the third trimester.<ref name="pmid9474019" /> E1S levels are about 10 to 15 times higher than those of estrone in women.<ref name="CowieForsyth1980">{{cite book|last1=Cowie|first1=Alfred T.|last2=Forsyth|first2=Isabel A.|last3=Hart|first3=Ian C.|title=Hormonal Control of Lactation|chapter=Growth and Development of the Mammary Gland|series=Monographs on Endocrinology|volume=15|year=1980|pages=58–145|issn=0077-1015|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-81389-4_3|isbn=978-3-642-81391-7}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rezvanpour A, Don-Wauchope AC | title = Clinical implications of estrone sulfate measurement in laboratory medicine | journal = Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences | volume = 54 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–86 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27960570 | doi = 10.1080/10408363.2016.1252310 | s2cid = 1825531 }}
{{refend}}

{{Steroid hormones}}
{{Estrogen receptor modulators}}

[[Category:Estrogens]]
[[Category:Estrone esters]]
[[Category:Human metabolites]]
[[Category:Sex hormone esters and conjugates]]
[[Category:Phenol esters]]
[[Category:Sulfate esters]]

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