「Conservation status」の版間の差分

1行目:

~~#redirect~~ [[~~wikipedia~~:Conservation status]]

The '''conservation status''' of a [[taxon|group of organisms]] (for instance, a [[species]]) indicates whether the group is still [[extant taxon|extant]] (that is, members of it are still alive) and how likely the group is to become [[extinct]] in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on.

The [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. The system divides threatened species into three categories: [[Critically endangered|Critically Endangered]] (CR), [[Endangered species|Endangered]] (EN), and [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] (VU). Also listed are the documented extinctions that have occurred since AD 1500 and [[taxa]] that are extinct in the wild. Lower risk taxa are also divided into categories.

[[CITES|The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)]] aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

== Multi-country systems ==

In the [[European Union]], the [[EU Wildlife Trade Regulation]]<ref>[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/trade/eu/ EU Wildlife Trade Regulation]</ref> is legislation to provide for the implementation of [[CITES]] within the [[EU]], and additional measures.

[[NatureServe conservation status]] focuses on [[Latin America]], [[USA]], [[Canada]] and the [[Caribbean]], It has been developed over the past 5,000 decades by scientists from [[NatureServe]], [[The Nature Conservancy]], and the network of natural heritage programs and data centers. It is increasingly integrated with the IUCN Red List system. Its categories for species include: ''Presumed Extinct'' (GX), ''Possibly Extinct'' (GH), ''Critically Imperiled'' (G1), ''Imperiled'' (G2), ''Vulnerable'' (G3), ''Apparently Secure'' (G4), and ''Secure'' (G5).<ref>[http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm InfoNatura: About the Data: Conservation Status]</ref> The system also allows ambiguous or uncertain ranks including ''inexact numeric ranks'' (e.g. G2?), and ''range ranks'' (e.g. G2G3) for when the exact rank is uncertain. NatureServe adds a qualifier for ''Captive or Cultivated Only'' (C), which has a similar meaning to the IUCN Red List ''Extinct in the Wild'' (EW) status

The [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]] is used within the Russian Federation.

== National systems ==

*'''[[Australia]]'''. The [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] (EPBC Act) describes lists of threatened species, ecological communities and threatening processes. The categories resemble those of the 1994 [[IUCN Red List]] Categories & Criteria (version 2.3). Prior to the EPBC Act, a simpler classification system was used by the [[Endangered Species Protection Act 1992]]. State governments also have differing systems.

*'''[[Belgium]]'''. The Flemish [[Research Institute for Nature and Forest]] publishes an online set of more than 150 nature indicators in Dutch.<ref>[http://www.inbo.be/content/homepage_en.asp Research Institute for Nature and Forest]</ref>

*'''[[Canada]]'''. [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada|COSEWIC]] (The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) is a committee of experts that assesses and designates which wild species are in some danger of disappearing from Canada<ref>[http://www.cosepac.gc.ca/eng/sct5/index_e.cfm Cosewic]</ref> Under the [[Species at Risk Act]] (SARA), it is up to the federal government, which is politically accountable, to legally protect species assessed by COSEWIC. See also: [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/red-blue.htm British Columbia Red List].

*'''[[China]]'''. The State, provinces and some counties have determined their key protected wildlife species. There is the [[China red data book]].

*'''[[Finland]]'''. A large number of species are protected under the [[Nature Conservation Act (Finland)|Nature Conservation Act]], and through the [[EU Habitats Directive]] and [[EU Birds Directive]].<ref>[http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?node=6053&lan=en www.environment.fi - Protecting species]</ref>

*'''[[Germany]]'''. The [[Federal Agency for Nature Conservation]] publishes "red lists of endangered species".

*'''[[India]]'''. [[Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, Amended 2003]] [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002]]

*'''[[Japan]]'''. The [[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of Environment]] publishes a [[Threatened Wildlife of Japan]] Red Data Book.<ref>[http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/rdb/rdb_e.html Threatened Species]</ref>

*'''[[Netherlands]]'''. The Dutch [[Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality]] publishes a list of threatened species, and conservation is enforced by the [[Nature Conservation Act 1998]]. Species are also protected through the [[Wild Birds and Habitats Directives]].<ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/pls/portal30/url/page/mlv_home/mlv_international MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden]</ref><ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=116&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30&p_item_id=94318 MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden]</ref><ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=988&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30 MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden]</ref>

*'''[[New Zealand]]'''. The [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] publishes the [[New Zealand Threat Classification System]] lists. Under this system threatened species or subspecies are assigned one of seven categories: Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally Vulnerable, Serious Decline, Gradual Decline, Sparse, or Range Restricted. While the classification looks only at a national level, many species are unique to New Zealand, and species which are secure overseas are noted as such.

*'''[[South Africa]]'''. [http://www.sanbi.org/aboutsanbi.htm The South African National Biodiversity Institute], established under the [http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2004/a10-04.pdf National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004], is responsible for drawing up lists of affected species, and monitoring compliance with CITES decisions. It is envisaged that previously diverse Red lists (e.g. for [http://www.nhbs.com/red_data_book_of_the_mammals_of_south_tefno_140829.html mammals], [http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_rdb.htm birds], and [http://www.sabonet.org.za/activities/activities_rdls.htm plants]) would be more easily kept current, both technically and financially.

*'''[[Thailand]]'''. The Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act of BE 2535 defines fifteen [[Reserved animals of Thailand|reserved animal]] species and two classes of protected species, of which hunting, breeding, possession, and trade are prohibited or restricted by law. The National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department of the [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment]] is responsible for the regulation of these activities.

*'''[[Ukraine]]'''. The [http://menr.gov.ua Ministry of Environment Protection] maintains list of endangered species (divided into 7 categories from "0" - extinct to "VI" - rehabilitated) and publishes it in the [http://mail.menr.gov.ua/publ/redbook/redbook.php Red Book of Ukraine].

*'''[[United States of America]]'''. The [[Endangered Species Act]] created the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species|Endangered Species List]].

==Consumer guides==

Consumer guides for [[seafood]], such as [[Seafood Watch]], generally divide fish and other sea creatures into three categories, analogous to conservation status categories:

*Red ("''say no''" or "''avoid''")

*Yellow or orange ("''think twice''", "''good alternatives''" or "''some concerns''")

*Green ("''best seafood choices''").

The categories do not simply reflect the imperilment of individual species, but also consider the environmental impacts of how and where they are fished, such as through [[bycatch]] or [[ocean bottom trawlers]]. Often groups of species are assessed rather than individual species (e.g. [[squid]], [[prawn]]s).

The [[Marine Conservation Society]] has 5 levels of ratings for seafood species, as displayed on their [http://www.fishonline.org/ Fishonline] website.

==See also==

*[[Biodiversity Action Plan]]

*[[Bonn Convention]]

*[[NatureServe conservation status]]

*[[Endangered species]]

*[[Ecoregion conservation status]]

*[[Lazarus taxon]]

*[[List of endangered species in North America]]

*[[List of extinct animals]]

*[[Listing priority number]]

*[[Living Planet Index]]

*[[Red List Index]]

*[[Regional Red List]]

==References==

==External links==

*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Search the IUCN Red List]

*[http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/redlistcatsenglish.pdf IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1]

[[Category:Biota by conservation status| ]]

[[Category:Conservation biology]]

[[Category:Biology terminology]]

[[Category:Environmental terminology]]

[[Category:NatureServe]]

[[Category:Environmental conservation]]

[[af:Bewaringstatus]]

[[ar:حالة حفظ]]

[[an:Estato de conservación d'especies]]

[[ast:Estáu de conservación]]

[[az:Mühafizə statusu]]

[[zh-min-nan:Pó-io̍k chōng-hóng]]

[[bg:Природозащитен статус]]

[[bs:Status zaštite]]

[[br:Statud mirerezh]]

[[ca:Estat de conservació]]

[[cs:Stupeň ohrožení]]

[[de:Erhaltungszustand von Organismen]]

[[et:Kaitsestaatus]]

[[el:Κατάσταση διατήρησης]]

[[es:Estado de conservación]]

[[eo:Konserva statuso]]

[[eu:Iraute egoera]]

[[fa:وضعیت بقا]]

[[fr:Statut de conservation]]

[[gl:Estado de conservación]]

[[ko:보호 상태]]

[[hi:संरक्षण स्थिति]]

[[hr:Status zaštite]]

[[id:Status konservasi]]

[[is:Ástand stofns]]

[[it:Stato di conservazione (biologia)]]

[[he:מצב שימור]]

[[la:Status conservationis]]

[[lt:Apsaugos būklė]]

[[hu:Természetvédelmi státusz]]

[[mk:Заштитен статус]]

[[ml:പരിപാലനസ്ഥിതി]]

[[mr:प्रजातींची उपलब्धता]]

[[ms:Status pemuliharaan]]

[[nl:Beschermingsstatus]]

[[ne:संरक्षण स्थिति]]

[[ja:保全状況]]

[[km:ស្ថានភាពអភិរក្ស]]

[[pt:Estado de conservação]]

[[ro:Stare de conservare]]

[[ru:Охранный статус]]

[[scn:Statu di cunsirvazzioni]]

[[simple:Conservation status]]

[[sk:Stupeň ohrozenia]]

[[sl:Ohranitveno stanje]]

[[sr:Статус угрожености]]

[[sh:Status zaštite]]

[[fi:Uhanalaisuusluokitus]]

[[sv:Bevarandestatus]]

[[ta:காப்பு நிலை]]

[[th:สถานะการอนุรักษ์]]

[[tr:Korunma durumu]]

[[uk:Охоронний статус]]

[[vi:Tình trạng bảo tồn]]

[[zh-yue:瀕危指標]]

[[zea:Beschermiengsstatus]]

[[zh:保护状况]]

@@ 1行目: / 1行目: @@
-#redirect [[wikipedia:Conservation status]]
+{{Conservation status}}
+The '''conservation status''' of a [[taxon|group of organisms]] (for instance, a [[species]]) indicates whether the group is still [[extant taxon|extant]] (that is, members of it are still alive) and how likely the group is to become [[extinct]] in the near future. Many factors are taken into account when assessing conservation status: not simply the number of individuals remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on.
+The [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] is the best-known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system. The system divides threatened species into three categories: [[Critically endangered|Critically Endangered]] (CR), [[Endangered species|Endangered]] (EN), and [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] (VU). Also listed are the documented extinctions that have occurred since AD 1500 and [[taxa]] that are extinct in the wild. Lower risk taxa are also divided into categories.
+[[CITES|The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)]] aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
+== Multi-country systems ==
+In the [[European Union]], the [[EU Wildlife Trade Regulation]]<ref>[http://www.unep-wcmc.org/species/trade/eu/ EU Wildlife Trade Regulation]</ref> is legislation to provide for the implementation of [[CITES]] within the [[EU]], and additional measures.
+[[NatureServe conservation status]] focuses on [[Latin America]], [[USA]], [[Canada]] and the [[Caribbean]], It has been developed over the past 5,000 decades by scientists from [[NatureServe]], [[The Nature Conservancy]], and the network of natural heritage programs and data centers. It is increasingly integrated with the IUCN Red List system. Its categories for species include: ''Presumed Extinct'' (GX), ''Possibly Extinct'' (GH), ''Critically Imperiled'' (G1), ''Imperiled'' (G2), ''Vulnerable'' (G3),  ''Apparently Secure'' (G4), and ''Secure'' (G5).<ref>[http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/Lnsstatus.htm InfoNatura: About the Data: Conservation Status<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The system also allows ambiguous or uncertain ranks including ''inexact numeric ranks'' (e.g. G2?), and ''range ranks'' (e.g. G2G3) for when the exact rank is uncertain. NatureServe adds a qualifier for ''Captive or Cultivated Only'' (C), which has a similar meaning to the IUCN Red List ''Extinct in the Wild'' (EW) status
+The [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]] is used within the Russian Federation.
+== National systems ==
+*'''[[Australia]]'''. The [[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999]] (EPBC Act) describes lists of threatened species, ecological communities and threatening processes. The categories resemble those of the 1994 [[IUCN Red List]] Categories & Criteria (version 2.3). Prior to the EPBC Act, a simpler classification system was used by the [[Endangered Species Protection Act 1992]]. State governments also have differing systems.
+*'''[[Belgium]]'''. The Flemish [[Research Institute for Nature and Forest]] publishes an online set of more than 150 nature indicators in Dutch.<ref>[http://www.inbo.be/content/homepage_en.asp Research Institute for Nature and Forest<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+*'''[[Canada]]'''. [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada|COSEWIC]] (The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) is a committee of experts that assesses and designates which wild species are in some danger of disappearing from Canada<ref>[http://www.cosepac.gc.ca/eng/sct5/index_e.cfm Cosewic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Under the [[Species at Risk Act]] (SARA), it is up to the federal government, which is politically accountable, to legally protect species assessed by COSEWIC. See also: [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/atrisk/red-blue.htm British Columbia Red List].
+*'''[[China]]'''. The State, provinces and some counties have determined their key protected wildlife species. There is the [[China red data book]].
+*'''[[Finland]]'''. A large number of species are protected under the [[Nature Conservation Act (Finland)|Nature Conservation Act]], and through the [[EU Habitats Directive]] and [[EU Birds Directive]].<ref>[http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?node=6053&lan=en www.environment.fi - Protecting species<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+*'''[[Germany]]'''. The [[Federal Agency for Nature Conservation]] publishes "red lists of endangered species".
+*'''[[India]]'''. [[Wild Life Protection Act, 1972, Amended 2003]] [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002]]
+*'''[[Japan]]'''. The [[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of Environment]] publishes a [[Threatened Wildlife of Japan]] Red Data Book.<ref>[http://www.biodic.go.jp/english/rdb/rdb_e.html Threatened Species<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+*'''[[Netherlands]]'''. The Dutch [[Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality]] publishes a list of threatened species, and conservation is enforced by the [[Nature Conservation Act 1998]]. Species are also protected through the [[Wild Birds and Habitats Directives]].<ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/pls/portal30/url/page/mlv_home/mlv_international MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=116&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30&p_item_id=94318 MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www9.minlnv.nl/servlet/page?_pageid=988&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30 MinLNV | Pagina niet gevonden<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+*'''[[New Zealand]]'''. The [[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]] publishes the [[New Zealand Threat Classification System]] lists. Under this system threatened species or subspecies are assigned one of seven categories: Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered, Nationally Vulnerable, Serious Decline, Gradual Decline, Sparse, or Range Restricted. While the classification looks only at a national level, many species are unique to New Zealand, and species which are secure overseas are noted as such.
+*'''[[South Africa]]'''. [http://www.sanbi.org/aboutsanbi.htm The South African National Biodiversity Institute], established under the [http://www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/2004/a10-04.pdf National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004], is responsible for drawing up lists of affected species, and monitoring compliance with CITES decisions. It is envisaged that previously diverse Red lists (e.g. for [http://www.nhbs.com/red_data_book_of_the_mammals_of_south_tefno_140829.html mammals], [http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_rdb.htm birds], and [http://www.sabonet.org.za/activities/activities_rdls.htm plants]) would be more easily kept current, both technically and financially.
+*'''[[Thailand]]'''. The Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act of BE 2535 defines fifteen [[Reserved animals of Thailand|reserved animal]] species and two classes of protected species, of which hunting, breeding, possession, and trade are prohibited or restricted by law. The National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department of the [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment]] is responsible for the regulation of these activities.
+*'''[[Ukraine]]'''. The [http://menr.gov.ua Ministry of Environment Protection] maintains list of endangered species (divided into 7 categories from "0" - extinct to "VI" - rehabilitated) and publishes it in the [http://mail.menr.gov.ua/publ/redbook/redbook.php Red Book of Ukraine].
+*'''[[United States of America]]'''. The [[Endangered Species Act]] created the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species|Endangered Species List]].
+==Consumer guides==
+{{Main|Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification}}
+Consumer guides for [[seafood]], such as [[Seafood Watch]], generally divide fish and other sea creatures into three categories, analogous to conservation status categories:
+*Red ("''say no''" or "''avoid''")
+*Yellow or orange ("''think twice''", "''good alternatives''" or "''some concerns''")
+*Green ("''best seafood choices''").
+The categories do not simply reflect the imperilment of individual species, but also consider the environmental impacts of how and where they are fished, such as through [[bycatch]] or [[ocean bottom trawlers]]. Often groups of species are assessed rather than individual species (e.g. [[squid]], [[prawn]]s).
+The [[Marine Conservation Society]] has 5 levels of ratings for seafood species, as displayed on their [http://www.fishonline.org/ Fishonline] website.
+==See also==
+*[[Biodiversity Action Plan]]
+*[[Bonn Convention]]
+*[[NatureServe conservation status]]
+*[[Endangered species]]
+*[[Ecoregion conservation status]]
+*[[Lazarus taxon]]
+*[[List of endangered species in North America]]
+*[[List of extinct animals]]
+*[[Listing priority number]]
+*[[Living Planet Index]]
+*[[Red List Index]]
+*[[Regional Red List]]
+==References==
+{{reflist}}
+==External links==
+*[http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Search the IUCN Red List]
+*[http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/redlistcatsenglish.pdf IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 3.1]
+[[Category:Biota by conservation status| ]]
+[[Category:Conservation biology]]
+[[Category:Biology terminology]]
+[[Category:Environmental terminology]]
+[[Category:NatureServe]]
+[[Category:Environmental conservation]]
+[[af:Bewaringstatus]]
+[[ar:حالة حفظ]]
+[[an:Estato de conservación d'especies]]
+[[ast:Estáu de conservación]]
+[[az:Mühafizə statusu]]
+[[zh-min-nan:Pó-io̍k chōng-hóng]]
+[[bg:Природозащитен статус]]
+[[bs:Status zaštite]]
+[[br:Statud mirerezh]]
+[[ca:Estat de conservació]]
+[[cs:Stupeň ohrožení]]
+[[de:Erhaltungszustand von Organismen]]
+[[et:Kaitsestaatus]]
+[[el:Κατάσταση διατήρησης]]
+[[es:Estado de conservación]]
+[[eo:Konserva statuso]]
+[[eu:Iraute egoera]]
+[[fa:وضعیت بقا]]
+[[fr:Statut de conservation]]
+[[gl:Estado de conservación]]
+[[ko:보호 상태]]
+[[hi:संरक्षण स्थिति]]
+[[hr:Status zaštite]]
+[[id:Status konservasi]]
+[[is:Ástand stofns]]
+[[it:Stato di conservazione (biologia)]]
+[[he:מצב שימור]]
+[[la:Status conservationis]]
+[[lt:Apsaugos būklė]]
+[[hu:Természetvédelmi státusz]]
+[[mk:Заштитен статус]]
+[[ml:പരിപാലനസ്ഥിതി]]
+[[mr:प्रजातींची उपलब्धता]]
+[[ms:Status pemuliharaan]]
+[[nl:Beschermingsstatus]]
+[[ne:संरक्षण स्थिति]]
+[[ja:保全状況]]
+[[km:ស្ថានភាពអភិរក្ស]]
+[[pt:Estado de conservação]]
+[[ro:Stare de conservare]]
+[[ru:Охранный статус]]
+[[scn:Statu di cunsirvazzioni]]
+[[simple:Conservation status]]
+[[sk:Stupeň ohrozenia]]
+[[sl:Ohranitveno stanje]]
+[[sr:Статус угрожености]]
+[[sh:Status zaštite]]
+[[fi:Uhanalaisuusluokitus]]
+[[sv:Bevarandestatus]]
+[[ta:காப்பு நிலை]]
+[[th:สถานะการอนุรักษ์]]
+[[tr:Korunma durumu]]
+[[uk:Охоронний статус]]
+[[vi:Tình trạng bảo tồn]]
+[[zh-yue:瀕危指標]]
+[[zea:Beschermiengsstatus]]
+[[zh:保护状况]]