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2016年6月15日 (水) 23:39時点における最新版
Calcium
20
Calcium in the periodic table
Appearance
dull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint[1] Spectral lines of calcium
General properties
Name, symbol , number
calcium, Ca, 20
Pronunciation
Element category
alkaline earth metal
Group , period , block
group 2 (alkaline earth metals) 4 , s
Standard atomic weight
40.078(4)
Electron configuration
[Ar ] 4s2
Physical properties
Phase
solid
Density (near r.t. )
1.55 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.
1.378 g·cm−3
Melting point
1115 K , 842 °C, 1548 °F
Boiling point
1757 K, 1484 °C, 2703 °F
Heat of fusion
8.54 kJ·mol−1
Heat of
154.7 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity
25.929 J·mol−1 ·K−1
pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
864
956
1071
1227
1443
1755
Atomic properties
Oxidation states
+2 , +1, −1basic oxide))
Electronegativity
1.00 (Pauling scale)
energies more )
1st: {{{1st ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
2nd: {{{2nd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
3rd: {{{3rd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius
197 pm
Covalent radius
176±10 pm
Van der Waals radius
231 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure
face-centered cubic
Magnetic ordering
diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity
(20 °C) 33.6Ω·m
Thermal conductivity
201 W·m−1 ·K−1
Thermal expansion
(25 °C) 22.3 µm·m−1 ·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)
(20 °C) 3810 m·s−1
Young's modulus
20 GPa
Shear modulus
7.4 GPa
Bulk modulus
17 GPa
Poisson ratio
0.31
Mohs hardness
1.75
Brinell hardness
170–416 MPa
CAS registry number
7440-70-2
History
Discovery
1808
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of calcium
· references
References These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
Infoboxes for the chemical elements use the core template {{Infobox element }}.
Parameters In general Usually parameters reproduce the value, and the template adds the SI unit or additional standard text. While the topic is technical, we can strive to make the result readable text, and even verbose. For example, this is why the template writes "(at 0 °C)". For this, you may want to experiment with parameter input too - or propose improvements.
All this can vary across the values (data rows). So depending on the row and the specific value, additional formattings may be added by the template (e.g., a newline <br>)
Parameter naming patterns
Most parameters have a ... ref that allows for references. This reference is added right after the unit.
ionization energy refParameters with a .. comment suffix are added to the end of a data line, with a space added. Comments are reproduced without formatting additions (no brackets, no italics, ...):
ionization energy commentNumbered values make a list (except |atomic mass 2= used for uncertainty bracket notation ):
ionization energyionization energy 2ionization energy 3
Parameter list
{{Infobox element
<!-- top -->
|image name=
|image alt=
|image size=
|image name comment=
|image name 2=
|image alt 2=
|image size 2=
|image name 2 comment=
<!-- General properties -->
|name=
|symbol=
|pronounce=
|pronounce ref=
|pronounce comment=
|pronounce 2=
|alt name=
|alt names=
|allotropes=
|appearance=
<!-- Periodic table -->
|above=
|below=
|left=
|right=
|number=
|atomic mass=
|atomic mass 2=
|atomic mass ref=
|atomic mass comment=
|series=
|series ref=
|series comment=
|series color=
|group=
|group ref=
|group comment=
|period=
|period ref=
|period comment=
|block=
|block ref=
|block comment=
|electron configuration=
|electron configuration ref=
|electron configuration comment=
|electrons per shell=
|electrons per shell ref=
|electrons per shell comment=
<!-- Physical properties -->
|physical properties comment=
|color=
|phase=
|phase ref=
|phase comment=
|melting point K=
|melting point C=
|melting point F=
|melting point ref=
|melting point comment=
|boiling point K=
|boiling point C=
|boiling point F=
|boiling point ref=
|boiling point comment=
|sublimation point K=
|sublimation point C=
|sublimation point F=
|sublimation point ref=
|sublimation point comment=
|density gplstp=
|density gplstp ref=
|density gplstp comment=
|density gpcm3nrt=
|density gpcm3nrt ref=
|density gpcm3nrt comment=
|density gpcm3nrt 2=
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=
|density gpcm3nrt 3=
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=
|density gpcm3mp=
|density gpcm3mp ref=
|density gpcm3mp comment=
|density gpcm3bp=
|density gpcm3bp ref=
|density gpcm3bp comment=
|molar volume=
|molar volume unit =
|molar volume ref=
|molar volume comment=
|triple point K=
|triple point kPa=
|triple point ref=
|triple point comment=
|triple point K 2=
|triple point kPa 2=
|triple point 2 ref=
|triple point 2 comment=
|critical point K=
|critical point MPa=
|critical point ref=
|critical point comment=
|heat fusion=
|heat fusion ref=
|heat fusion comment=
|heat fusion 2=
|heat fusion 2 ref=
|heat fusion 2 comment=
|heat vaporization=
|heat vaporization ref=
|heat vaporization comment=
|heat capacity=
|heat capacity ref=
|heat capacity comment=
|heat capacity 2=
|heat capacity 2 ref=
|heat capacity 2 comment=
|vapor pressure 1=
|vapor pressure 10=
|vapor pressure 100=
|vapor pressure 1 k=
|vapor pressure 10 k=
|vapor pressure 100 k=
|vapor pressure ref=
|vapor pressure comment=
|vapor pressure 1 2=
|vapor pressure 10 2=
|vapor pressure 100 2=
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=
|vapor pressure 2 ref=
|vapor pressure 2 comment=
<!-- Atomic properties -->
|atomic properties comment=
|oxidation states=
|oxidation states ref=
|oxidation states comment=
|electronegativity=
|electronegativity ref=
|electronegativity comment=
|ionization energy 1=
|ionization energy 1 ref=
|ionization energy 1 comment=
|ionization energy 2=
|ionization energy 2 ref=
|ionization energy 2 comment=
|ionization energy 3=
|ionization energy 3 ref=
|ionization energy 3 comment=
|number of ionization energies=
|ionization energy ref=
|ionization energy comment=
|atomic radius=
|atomic radius ref=
|atomic radius comment=
|atomic radius calculated=
|atomic radius calculated ref=
|atomic radius calculated comment=
|covalent radius=
|covalent radius ref=
|covalent radius comment=
|Van der Waals radius=
|Van der Waals radius ref=
|Van der Waals radius comment=
<!-- Miscellanea -->
|crystal structure=
|crystal structure prefix=
|crystal structure ref=
|crystal structure comment=
|crystal structure 2=
|crystal structure 2 prefix=
|crystal structure 2 ref=
|crystal structure 2 comment=
|speed of sound=
|speed of sound ref=
|speed of sound comment=
|speed of sound rod at 20=
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
|thermal expansion=
|thermal expansion ref=
|thermal expansion comment=
|thermal expansion at 25=
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=
|thermal conductivity=
|thermal conductivity ref=
|thermal conductivity comment=
|thermal conductivity 2=
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=
|thermal diffusivity=
|thermal diffusivity ref=
|thermal diffusivity comment=
|electrical resistivity=
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=
|electrical resistivity ref=
|electrical resistivity comment=
|electrical resistivity at 0=
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=
|electrical resistivity at 20=
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=
|band gap=
|band gap ref=
|band gap comment=
|Curie point K=
|Curie point ref=
|Curie point comment=
|magnetic ordering=
|magnetic ordering ref=
|magnetic ordering comment=
|tensile strength=
|tensile strength ref=
|tensile strength comment=
|Young's modulus=
|Young's modulus ref=
|Young's modulus comment=
|Shear modulus=
|Shear modulus ref=
|Shear modulus comment=
|Bulk modulus=
|Bulk modulus ref=
|Bulk modulus comment=
|Poisson ratio=
|Poisson ratio ref=
|Poisson ratio comment=
|Mohs hardness=
|Mohs hardness ref=
|Mohs hardness comment=
|Mohs hardness 2=
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=
|Vickers hardness=
|Vickers hardness ref=
|Vickers hardness comment=
|Brinell hardness=
|Brinell hardness ref=
|Brinell hardness comment=
|CAS number=
|CAS number ref=
|CAS number comment=
<!-- History -->
|naming=
|predicted by=
|prediction date ref=
|prediction date=
|discovered by=
|discovery date ref=
|discovery date=
|first isolation by=
|first isolation date ref=
|first isolation date=
|discovery and first isolation by=
|named by=
|named date ref=
|named date=
|history comment label=
|history comment=
<!-- Isotopes -->
|isotopes=
|isotopes ref=
|isotopes comment=
|engvar=
}}
{{Infobox element }}; labels & notes:
(Image)
(Image 2)
GENERAL PROPERTIES
Name
Symbol
Pronunciation
Alternative name(s)
Allotropes
Appearance
<element> IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
Periodic table
Atomic number
Standard atomic weight
uncertainty to use in (bracket notation )
Element category (also header bg color)
(sets header bg color, over 'series='-color)
Group
Period
Block
Electron configuration
Electrons per shell
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
(general note)
Color
Phase
Melting point
Boiling point
Sublimation point
Density [g/L at s.t.p.]
Density [g/cm3 near room temperature]
[g/cm3 near r.t.], #2
[g/cm3 near r.t.], #3
Density (liquid, melting point) [g/cm3]
Density (liquid, boiling point) [g/cm3]
Molar volume
Unit defaults to cm3/mol
otherwise set unit prefix=d for dm3/mol (gases)
Triple point
Critical point
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Molar heat capacity
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure
ATOMIC PROPERTIES
Oxidation states
Electronegativity
Ionization energy
Atomic radius
Covalent radius
Van der Waals radius
MISCELLANEA
Crystal structure
Crystal structure
Speed of sound
Thermal expansion
Thermal conductivity
Thermal diffusivity
Electrical resistivity
Band gap
Curie point
Magnetic ordering
Tensile strength
Young's modulus
Shear modulus
Bulk modulus
Poisson ratio
Mohs hardness
Vickers hardness
Brinell hardness
CAS Number
HISTORY
Naming
Prediction
()
Discovery
()
First isolation
()
Discovery and first isolation (1 or 2 dates)
Named by
()
(History comment)
ISOTOPES OF <element>
Isotopes of <element>
(wp:engvar )
Subtemplates Isotopes
Isotopes
Isotopes are to be entered by the editor using these subtemplates:
Examples (from various elements):
| isotopes =
{{Infobox element/isotopes stable
| link=Fluorine-19
| mn=19
| sym=F
| na=100%
| n=10
}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes decay
| mn=251
| sym=Cf
| na=trace
| hl=898 y
| dm=α
| de=6.172
| link1=curium-247
| pn=247
| ps=Cm
}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes decay2
| mn=252
| sym=Cf
| na=trace
| hl=2.645 y
| dm1=α (96.91%)
| de1=6.217
| link1=curium-248
| pn1=248
| ps1=Cm
| dm2=SF (3.09%)
| de2=–
| pn2=
| ps2=–
}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes decay3
| mn=26
| sym=Al
| na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]]
| hl=7.17×105 y
| dm1=[[Positron emission|β<sup>+</sup>]]
| de1=1.17
| link1=magnesium-26
| pn1=26
| ps1=Mg
| dm2=[[electron capture|ε]]
| de2=–
| link2=magnesium-26
| pn2=26
| ps2=Mg
| dm3=[[Gamma radiation|γ]]
| de3=1.8086
| pn3=
| ps3=–
}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes decay3 (2 2 1)
| mn=22
| sym=Na
| na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]]
| hl=[[1 E7 s|2.602 y]]
| dm1=[[Beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]]→[[Gamma decay|γ]]
| de1a=0.5454
| link1a=neon-22
| pn1a=22
| ps1a=Ne*
| de1b=1.27453(2)<ref name=npa521_1>{{cite journal|author=Endt, P. M.
|title=Energy levels of A = 21–44 nuclei (VII)
|journal=Nuclear Physics A
}}</ref>
| pn1b=22
| ps1b=Ne
| dm2=[[electron capture|ε]]→[[Gamma decay|γ]]
| de2a=–
| pn2a=22
| ps2a=Ne*
| de2b=1.27453(2)
| pn2b=22
| ps2b=Ne
| dm3=[[Beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]]
| de3=1.8200
| pn3=22
| ps3=Ne
}}
{{Infobox element/isotopes_decay4
| mn=260
| sym=Md
| na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]]
| hl=31.8 [[day|d]]
| dm1=SF
| de1=–
| pn1=
| ps1=–
| dm2=α
| de2=7.000
| link2=einsteinium-256
| pn2=256
| ps2=Es
| dm3=ε
| de3=–
| link3=fermium-260
| pn3=260
| ps3=Fm
| dm4=[[beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]]
| de4=1.000
| link4=nobelium-260
| pn4=260
| ps4=No
}}
|isotopes comment=reference{{sfn|Chisté|2006
}}<br/><!-- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -->
* = [[excited state]]
produces the subtable:
Other Other subtemplates are used automatically; they do not need specific editor's input.
{{Periodic table (32 columns, micro) }}
When atomic number ≥ 119, the miniature periodic table shows an extended version (period 8 and up). See, for example, {{Infobox ununennium }}. References These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
↑ Endt, P. M. "Energy levels of A = 21–44 nuclei (VII)". Nuclear Physics A . See also
Template documentation
Template documentation
