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<br>生理機能<br> SRFは、標的遺伝子に存在するSREに結合し、転写調節を制御することで機能を発揮する。標的遺伝子は、最初期遺伝子と細胞骨格関連遺伝子に分類されるものが多いため、細胞レベルでは、それらに関連した細胞移動、細胞形態などの面で重要とされている<sup>[32]</sup>。個体レベルにおいても解析が進んでいる。SRFノックアウト(KO)マウスは、胚発生時の中胚葉形成不全で胎生致死であるため<sup>[6]</sup>、現在では主にCre-loxPシステムを用いて作製した30種類近い組織•細胞特異的SRFKOマウスが報告されている<sup>[7]</sup>。筋分化<sup>[7]</sup>、心機能<sup>[7]</sup>、免疫系細胞の成熟<sup>[7]</sup>など多彩な生命現象に関与するとの指摘がある。神経系における機能は後述する。<br> 中枢神経系を標的としたSRFKOマウスは、これまでに少なくとも6系統が報告されている。<br> CaMKIIαプロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させ、前脳特異的にSRFをKOしたマウスが3系統あるが<sup>[5][9][10][12][13]</sup>、それぞれCreレコンビナーゼの発現時期が異なるため、表現型は異なっている。周産期や出生前においてSRFをKOさせたマウス系統の解析では、脳室下帯から嗅球への細胞移動<sup>[13]</sup>、海馬層形成と樹状突起形態<sup>[10]</sup>、海馬における軸索ガイダンス<sup>[9]</sup>への重要性が示されている。また、神経細胞におけるSRF依存性遺伝子発現が細胞非自律的なオリゴデンドロサイトの分化に重要であるとの指摘がある<sup>[33]</sup>。また、生後8週目からSRFがKOされるマウス系統の解析では、海馬依存性即時記憶や長期抑圧現象への重要性が指摘されている<sup>[12]</sup>。一方、生後数ヶ月でSRFがKOされるマウス系統では、脳の構造上の変化や細胞移動、致死性はなく、β-アクチンやc''-fos'', ''egr''-1, Arc遺伝子というSRF標的遺伝子の神経活動依存的発現に重要であること、それは豊富環境下(enriched environment, EE)でも認められることが示された<sup>[5]</sup>。さらに長期増強現象への重要性も指摘されている<sup>[5]</sup>。<br> また、シナプシンI(synapsin I)プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させ、SRFをKOしたマウス系統もあり、CaMKIIプロモーターの系統と行動学的な違いを比較検討している<sup>[34]</sup>。<br> 近年、ネスチン(nestin)プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させた神経前駆細胞特異的SRFKOマウスとneuronal helix-loop-helix protein-1 (NEX) プロモーターを用いた大脳皮質と海馬のグルタミン酸作動性神経特異的SRFKOマウスが報告され、皮質軸索投射へのSRFの関与が指摘された<sup>[35]</sup>。<br> 末梢神経系においては、Wnt1プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させた後根神経節特異的SRFKOマウスの解析で軸索投射への重要性が指摘された<sup>[14]</sup>。  
<br>生理機能<br> SRFは、標的遺伝子に存在するSREに結合し、転写調節を制御することで機能を発揮する。標的遺伝子は、最初期遺伝子と細胞骨格関連遺伝子に分類されるものが多いため、細胞レベルでは、それらに関連した細胞移動、細胞形態などの面で重要とされている<sup>[32]</sup>。個体レベルにおいても解析が進んでいる。SRFノックアウト(KO)マウスは、胚発生時の中胚葉形成不全で胎生致死であるため<sup>[6]</sup>、現在では主にCre-loxPシステムを用いて作製した30種類近い組織•細胞特異的SRFKOマウスが報告されている<sup>[7]</sup>。筋分化<sup>[7]</sup>、心機能<sup>[7]</sup>、免疫系細胞の成熟<sup>[7]</sup>など多彩な生命現象に関与するとの指摘がある。神経系における機能は後述する。<br> 中枢神経系を標的としたSRFKOマウスは、これまでに少なくとも6系統が報告されている。<br> CaMKIIαプロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させ、前脳特異的にSRFをKOしたマウスが3系統あるが<sup>[5][9][10][12][13]</sup>、それぞれCreレコンビナーゼの発現時期が異なるため、表現型は異なっている。周産期や出生前においてSRFをKOさせたマウス系統の解析では、脳室下帯から嗅球への細胞移動<sup>[13]</sup>、海馬層形成と樹状突起形態<sup>[10]</sup>、海馬における軸索ガイダンス<sup>[9]</sup>への重要性が示されている。また、神経細胞におけるSRF依存性遺伝子発現が細胞非自律的なオリゴデンドロサイトの分化に重要であるとの指摘がある<sup>[33]</sup>。また、生後8週目からSRFがKOされるマウス系統の解析では、海馬依存性即時記憶や長期抑圧現象への重要性が指摘されている<sup>[12]</sup>。一方、生後数ヶ月でSRFがKOされるマウス系統では、脳の構造上の変化や細胞移動、致死性はなく、β-アクチンやc''-fos'', ''egr''-1, Arc遺伝子というSRF標的遺伝子の神経活動依存的発現に重要であること、それは豊富環境下(enriched environment, EE)でも認められることが示された<sup>[5]</sup>。さらに長期増強現象への重要性も指摘されている<sup>[5]</sup>。<br> また、シナプシンI(synapsin I)プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させ、SRFをKOしたマウス系統もあり、CaMKIIプロモーターの系統と行動学的な違いを比較検討している<sup>[34]</sup>。<br> 近年、ネスチン(nestin)プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させた神経前駆細胞特異的SRFKOマウスとneuronal helix-loop-helix protein-1 (NEX) プロモーターを用いた大脳皮質と海馬のグルタミン酸作動性神経特異的SRFKOマウスが報告され、皮質軸索投射へのSRFの関与が指摘された<sup>[35]</sup>。<br> 末梢神経系においては、Wnt1プロモーターでCreレコンビナーゼを発現させた後根神経節特異的SRFKOマウスの解析で軸索投射への重要性が指摘された<sup>[14]</sup>。  


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参考文献<br>1. Shore P, Sharrocks AD.<br>The MADS-box family of transcription factors.<br>Eur J Biochem. 1995 Apr 1;229(1):1-13. Review.<br>PMID: 7744019
参考文献<br>1. Shore P, Sharrocks AD.<br>The MADS-box family of transcription factors.<br>Eur J Biochem. 1995 Apr 1;229(1):1-13. Review.<br>PMID: 7744019  


2. Miwa T, Kedes L.<br>Duplicated CArG box domains have positive and mutually dependent regulatory roles in expression of the human alpha-cardiac actin gene.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;7(8):2803-13.<br>PMID: 2823106
2. Miwa T, Kedes L.<br>Duplicated CArG box domains have positive and mutually dependent regulatory roles in expression of the human alpha-cardiac actin gene.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Aug;7(8):2803-13.<br>PMID: 2823106  


3. Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R.<br>Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element.<br>Cell. 1988 Dec 23;55(6):989-1003.<br>PMID: 3203386
3. Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R.<br>Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element.<br>Cell. 1988 Dec 23;55(6):989-1003.<br>PMID: 3203386  


4. Pellegrini L, Tan S, Richmond TJ.<br>Structure of serum response factor core bound to DNA.<br>Nature. 1995 Aug 10;376(6540):490-8.<br>PMID: 7637780
4. Pellegrini L, Tan S, Richmond TJ.<br>Structure of serum response factor core bound to DNA.<br>Nature. 1995 Aug 10;376(6540):490-8.<br>PMID: 7637780  


5. Ramanan N, Shen Y, Sarsfield S, Lemberger T, Schütz G, Linden DJ, Ginty DD.<br>SRF mediates activity-induced gene expression and synaptic plasticity but not neuronal viability.<br>Nat Neurosci. 2005 Jun;8(6):759-67. Epub 2005 May 8.<br>PMID: 15880109
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6. Arsenian S, Weinhold B, Oelgeschläger M, Rüther U, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor is essential for mesoderm formation during mouse embryogenesis.<br>EMBO J. 1998 Nov 2;17(21):6289-99.<br>PMID: 9799237
6. Arsenian S, Weinhold B, Oelgeschläger M, Rüther U, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor is essential for mesoderm formation during mouse embryogenesis.<br>EMBO J. 1998 Nov 2;17(21):6289-99.<br>PMID: 9799237  


7. Miano JM.<br>Role of serum response factor in the pathogenesis of disease.<br>Lab Invest. 2010 Sep;90(9):1274-84. Epub 2010 May 24. Review.<br>PMID: 20498652
7. Miano JM.<br>Role of serum response factor in the pathogenesis of disease.<br>Lab Invest. 2010 Sep;90(9):1274-84. Epub 2010 May 24. Review.<br>PMID: 20498652  


8. Knöll B, Nordheim A.<br>Functional versatility of transcription factors in the nervous system: the SRF paradigm.<br>Trends Neurosci. 2009 Aug;32(8):432-42. Epub 2009 Jul 28. Review.<br>PMID: 19643506
8. Knöll B, Nordheim A.<br>Functional versatility of transcription factors in the nervous system: the SRF paradigm.<br>Trends Neurosci. 2009 Aug;32(8):432-42. Epub 2009 Jul 28. Review.<br>PMID: 19643506  


9. Knöll B, Kretz O, Fiedler C, Alberti S, Schütz G, Frotscher M, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor controls neuronal circuit assembly in the hippocampus.<br>Nat Neurosci. 2006 Feb;9(2):195-204. Epub 2006 Jan 15.<br>PMID: 16415869
9. Knöll B, Kretz O, Fiedler C, Alberti S, Schütz G, Frotscher M, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor controls neuronal circuit assembly in the hippocampus.<br>Nat Neurosci. 2006 Feb;9(2):195-204. Epub 2006 Jan 15.<br>PMID: 16415869  


10. Stritt C, Knöll B.<br>Serum response factor regulates hippocampal lamination and dendrite development and is connected with reelin signaling.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;30(7):1828-37. Epub 2010 Feb 1.<br>PMID: 20123976
10. Stritt C, Knöll B.<br>Serum response factor regulates hippocampal lamination and dendrite development and is connected with reelin signaling.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;30(7):1828-37. Epub 2010 Feb 1.<br>PMID: 20123976  


11. Lu PP, Ramanan N.<br>Serum response factor is required for cortical axon growth but is dispensable for neurogenesis and neocortical lamination.<br>J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 16;31(46):16651-64.<br>PMID: 22090492
11. Lu PP, Ramanan N.<br>Serum response factor is required for cortical axon growth but is dispensable for neurogenesis and neocortical lamination.<br>J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 16;31(46):16651-64.<br>PMID: 22090492  


12. Etkin A, Alarcón JM, Weisberg SP, Touzani K, Huang YY, Nordheim A, Kandel ER.<br>A role in learning for SRF: deletion in the adult forebrain disrupts LTD and the formation of an immediate memory of a novel context.<br>Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):127-43.<br>PMID: 16600861
12. Etkin A, Alarcón JM, Weisberg SP, Touzani K, Huang YY, Nordheim A, Kandel ER.<br>A role in learning for SRF: deletion in the adult forebrain disrupts LTD and the formation of an immediate memory of a novel context.<br>Neuron. 2006 Apr 6;50(1):127-43.<br>PMID: 16600861  


13. Alberti S, Krause SM, Kretz O, Philippar U, Lemberger T, Casanova E, Wiebel FF, Schwarz H, Frotscher M, Schütz G, Nordheim A.<br>Neuronal migration in the murine rostral migratory stream requires serum response factor.<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):6148-53. Epub 2005 Apr 18.<br>PMID: 15837932
13. Alberti S, Krause SM, Kretz O, Philippar U, Lemberger T, Casanova E, Wiebel FF, Schwarz H, Frotscher M, Schütz G, Nordheim A.<br>Neuronal migration in the murine rostral migratory stream requires serum response factor.<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):6148-53. Epub 2005 Apr 18.<br>PMID: 15837932  


14. Wickramasinghe SR, Alvania RS, Ramanan N, Wood JN, Mandai K, Ginty DD.<br>Serum response factor mediates NGF-dependent target innervation by embryonic DRG sensory neurons.<br>Neuron. 2008 May 22;58(4):532-45.<br>PMID: 18498735
14. Wickramasinghe SR, Alvania RS, Ramanan N, Wood JN, Mandai K, Ginty DD.<br>Serum response factor mediates NGF-dependent target innervation by embryonic DRG sensory neurons.<br>Neuron. 2008 May 22;58(4):532-45.<br>PMID: 18498735  


15. Treisman R.<br>Identification of a protein-binding site that mediates transcriptional response of the c-fos gene to serum factors.<br>Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):567-74.<br>PMID: 3524858
15. Treisman R.<br>Identification of a protein-binding site that mediates transcriptional response of the c-fos gene to serum factors.<br>Cell. 1986 Aug 15;46(4):567-74.<br>PMID: 3524858  


16. Minty A, Kedes L.<br>Upstream regions of the human cardiac actin gene that modulate its transcription in muscle cells: presence of an evolutionarily conserved repeated motif.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jun;6(6):2125-36.<br>PMID: 3785189
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17. Miano JM.<br>Serum response factor: toggling between disparate programs of gene expression.<br>J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Jun;35(6):577-93. Review.<br>PMID: 12788374
17. Miano JM.<br>Serum response factor: toggling between disparate programs of gene expression.<br>J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2003 Jun;35(6):577-93. Review.<br>PMID: 12788374  


18. Olson EN, Nordheim A.<br>Linking actin dynamics and gene transcription to drive cellular motile functions.<br>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 May;11(5):353-65. Review.<br>PMID: 20414257
18. Olson EN, Nordheim A.<br>Linking actin dynamics and gene transcription to drive cellular motile functions.<br>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 May;11(5):353-65. Review.<br>PMID: 20414257  


19. Kalita K, Kharebava G, Zheng JJ, Hetman M.<br>Role of megakaryoblastic acute leukemia-1 in ERK1/2-dependent stimulation of serum response factor-driven transcription by BDNF or increased synaptic activity.<br>J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 27;26(39):10020-32.<br>PMID: 17005865
19. Kalita K, Kharebava G, Zheng JJ, Hetman M.<br>Role of megakaryoblastic acute leukemia-1 in ERK1/2-dependent stimulation of serum response factor-driven transcription by BDNF or increased synaptic activity.<br>J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 27;26(39):10020-32.<br>PMID: 17005865  


20. Ishikawa M, Nishijima N, Shiota J, Sakagami H, Tsuchida K, Mizukoshi M, Fukuchi M, Tsuda M, Tabuchi A.<br>Involvement of the serum response factor coactivator megakaryoblastic leukemia (MKL) in the activin-regulated dendritic complexity of rat cortical neurons.<br>J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 22;285(43):32734-43. Epub 2010 Aug 13.<br>PMID: 20709749
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21. Posern G, Treisman R.<br>Actin' together: serum response factor, its cofactors and the link to signal transduction.<br>Trends Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;16(11):588-96. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Review.<br>PMID: 17035020
21. Posern G, Treisman R.<br>Actin' together: serum response factor, its cofactors and the link to signal transduction.<br>Trends Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;16(11):588-96. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Review.<br>PMID: 17035020  


22. Buchwalter G, Gross C, Wasylyk B.<br>Ets ternary complex transcription factors.<br>Gene. 2004 Jan 7;324:1-14. Review.<br>PMID: 14693367
22. Buchwalter G, Gross C, Wasylyk B.<br>Ets ternary complex transcription factors.<br>Gene. 2004 Jan 7;324:1-14. Review.<br>PMID: 14693367  


23. Shaw PE, Schröter H, Nordheim A.<br>The ability of a ternary complex to form over the serum response element correlates with serum inducibility of the human c-fos promoter.<br>Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):563-72.<br>PMID: 2492906
23. Shaw PE, Schröter H, Nordheim A.<br>The ability of a ternary complex to form over the serum response element correlates with serum inducibility of the human c-fos promoter.<br>Cell. 1989 Feb 24;56(4):563-72.<br>PMID: 2492906  


24. Guettler S, Vartiainen MK, Miralles F, Larijani B, Treisman R.<br>RPEL motifs link the serum response factor cofactor MAL but not myocardin to Rho signaling via actin binding.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;28(2):732-42. Epub 2007 Nov 19.<br>PMID: 18025109
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25. Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R.<br>Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL.<br>Cell. 2003 May 2;113(3):329-42.<br>PMID: 12732141
25. Miralles F, Posern G, Zaromytidou AI, Treisman R.<br>Actin dynamics control SRF activity by regulation of its coactivator MAL.<br>Cell. 2003 May 2;113(3):329-42.<br>PMID: 12732141  


26. Wang Z, Wang DZ, Pipes GC, Olson EN.<br>Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression.<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7129-34. Epub 2003 May 19.<br>PMID: 12756293
26. Wang Z, Wang DZ, Pipes GC, Olson EN.<br>Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle gene expression.<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 10;100(12):7129-34. Epub 2003 May 19.<br>PMID: 12756293  


27. Kawashima T, Okuno H, Nonaka M, Adachi-Morishima A, Kyo N, Okamura M, Takemoto-Kimura S, Worley PF, Bito H.<br>Synaptic activity-responsive element in the Arc/Arg3.1 promoter essential for synapse-to-nucleus signaling in activated neurons.<br>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jan 6;106(1):316-21. Epub 2008 Dec 30.<br>PMID: 19116276
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28. Sharrocks AD, Gille H, Shaw PE.<br>Identification of amino acids essential for DNA binding and dimerization in p67SRF: implications for a novel DNA-binding motif.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jan;13(1):123-32.<br>PMID: 8417320
28. Sharrocks AD, Gille H, Shaw PE.<br>Identification of amino acids essential for DNA binding and dimerization in p67SRF: implications for a novel DNA-binding motif.<br>Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jan;13(1):123-32.<br>PMID: 8417320  


29. Liu SH, Ma JT, Yueh AY, Lees-Miller SP, Anderson CW, Ng SY.<br>The carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain of human serum response factor contains DNA-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites.<br>J Biol Chem. 1993 Oct 5;268(28):21147-54.<br>PMID: 8407951
29. Liu SH, Ma JT, Yueh AY, Lees-Miller SP, Anderson CW, Ng SY.<br>The carboxyl-terminal transactivation domain of human serum response factor contains DNA-activated protein kinase phosphorylation sites.<br>J Biol Chem. 1993 Oct 5;268(28):21147-54.<br>PMID: 8407951  


30. Stringer JL, Belaguli NS, Iyer D, Schwartz RJ, Balasubramanyam A.<br>Developmental expression of serum response factor in the rat central nervous system.<br>Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Sep 20;138(1):81-6.<br>PMID: 12234660
30. Stringer JL, Belaguli NS, Iyer D, Schwartz RJ, Balasubramanyam A.<br>Developmental expression of serum response factor in the rat central nervous system.<br>Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Sep 20;138(1):81-6.<br>PMID: 12234660  


31. Herdegen T, Blume A, Buschmann T, Georgakopoulos E, Winter C, Schmid W, Hsieh TF, Zimmermann M, Gass P.<br>Expression of activating transcription factor-2, serum response factor and cAMP/Ca response element binding protein in the adult rat brain following generalized seizures, nerve fibre lesion and ultraviolet irradiation.<br>Neuroscience. 1997 Nov;81(1):199-212.<br>PMID: 9300412
31. Herdegen T, Blume A, Buschmann T, Georgakopoulos E, Winter C, Schmid W, Hsieh TF, Zimmermann M, Gass P.<br>Expression of activating transcription factor-2, serum response factor and cAMP/Ca response element binding protein in the adult rat brain following generalized seizures, nerve fibre lesion and ultraviolet irradiation.<br>Neuroscience. 1997 Nov;81(1):199-212.<br>PMID: 9300412  


32. Schratt G, Philippar U, Berger J, Schwarz H, Heidenreich O, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor is crucial for actin cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion assembly in embryonic stem cells.<br>J Cell Biol. 2002 Feb 18;156(4):737-50. Epub 2002 Feb 11.<br>PMID: 11839767
32. Schratt G, Philippar U, Berger J, Schwarz H, Heidenreich O, Nordheim A.<br>Serum response factor is crucial for actin cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion assembly in embryonic stem cells.<br>J Cell Biol. 2002 Feb 18;156(4):737-50. Epub 2002 Feb 11.<br>PMID: 11839767  


33. Stritt C, Stern S, Harting K, Manke T, Sinske D, Schwarz H, Vingron M, Nordheim A, Knöll B.<br>Paracrine control of oligodendrocyte differentiation by SRF-directed neuronal gene expression.<br>Nat Neurosci. 2009 Apr;12(4):418-27. Epub 2009 Mar 8.<br>PMID: 19270689
33. Stritt C, Stern S, Harting K, Manke T, Sinske D, Schwarz H, Vingron M, Nordheim A, Knöll B.<br>Paracrine control of oligodendrocyte differentiation by SRF-directed neuronal gene expression.<br>Nat Neurosci. 2009 Apr;12(4):418-27. Epub 2009 Mar 8.<br>PMID: 19270689  


34. Johnson AW, Crombag HS, Smith DR, Ramanan N.<br>Effects of serum response factor (SRF) deletion on conditioned reinforcement.<br>Behav Brain Res. 2011 Jul 7;220(2):312-8. Epub 2011 Feb 15.<br>PMID: 21329726
34. Johnson AW, Crombag HS, Smith DR, Ramanan N.<br>Effects of serum response factor (SRF) deletion on conditioned reinforcement.<br>Behav Brain Res. 2011 Jul 7;220(2):312-8. Epub 2011 Feb 15.<br>PMID: 21329726  


35. Lu PP, Ramanan N.<br>Serum response factor is required for cortical axon growth but is dispensable for neurogenesis and neocortical lamination.<br>J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 16;31(46):16651-64.<br>PMID: 22090492
35. Lu PP, Ramanan N.<br>Serum response factor is required for cortical axon growth but is dispensable for neurogenesis and neocortical lamination.<br>J Neurosci. 2011 Nov 16;31(46):16651-64.<br>PMID: 22090492  


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