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| 15行目: | 15行目: | ||
| licence_US = Ketamine | | licence_US = Ketamine | ||
| pregnancy_AU = B3 | | pregnancy_AU = B3 | ||
| pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy"> | | pregnancy_AU_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy">https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ketamine.html</ref> | ||
| pregnancy_US = N | | pregnancy_US = N | ||
| pregnancy_US_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> | | pregnancy_US_comment = <ref name="Drugs.com pregnancy" /> | ||
| 24行目: | 24行目: | ||
| legal_US = Schedule III | | legal_US = Schedule III | ||
| legal_UN = Unscheduled | | legal_UN = Unscheduled | ||
| routes_of_administration = Any<ref><pubmed>28657160</pubmed></ref><ref><pubmed> 28339431 </pubmed></ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016"><pubmed>24257811 </pubmed></ref><ref name="MD"> | | routes_of_administration = Any<ref><pubmed>28657160</pubmed></ref><ref><pubmed> 28339431 </pubmed></ref><ref name="MathewZarate2016"><pubmed>24257811 </pubmed></ref><ref name="MD">[https://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ms-3114-h.htm Medicines Complete]</ref> | ||
| addiction_liability = Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">'''Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE'''<br>Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse<br>edited by Sydor A, Brown RY, Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd ed. pp. 374–375 (2009) McGraw-Hill Medical, New York</ref><!--Start widen drugbox--><br /> <!--End widen drugbox--> | | addiction_liability = Low–moderate<ref name="NHM-PCP and ketamine">'''Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE'''<br>Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders |quote=Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs... their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse<br>edited by Sydor A, Brown RY, Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd ed. pp. 374–375 (2009) McGraw-Hill Medical, New York</ref><!--Start widen drugbox--><br /> <!--End widen drugbox--> | ||
| class = [[NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s | | class = [[NMDA receptor antagonists]]; [[General anesthetics]]; [[Dissociative hallucinogen]]s; [[Analgesic]]s; [[Antidepressant]]s | ||
| 33行目: | 33行目: | ||
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | * [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | ||
* [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">'''Jianren Mao'''<br>Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia <br>CRC Press, April 2016</ref> | * [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">'''Jianren Mao'''<br>Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia <br>CRC Press, April 2016</ref> | ||
* [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014"> | * [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">'''Pascal Kintz. (2014).'''<br>Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes<br>Elsevier Science</ref> | ||
* [[Intranasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744"><pubmed> 29736744</pubmed></ref><ref name="sinner"><pubmed> 18175098 </pubmed></ref> | * [[Intranasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744"><pubmed> 29736744</pubmed></ref><ref name="sinner"><pubmed> 18175098 </pubmed></ref> | ||
* [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019"><pubmed>31215725</pubmed></ref> | * [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019"><pubmed>31215725</pubmed></ref> | ||
* [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017"> | * [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017"> | ||
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016"> | '''Alan F. Schatzberg, Charles B. Nemeroff. (2017)'''<br>The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition<br>American Psychiatric Pub, pp550-.</ref> | ||
| protein_bound = 12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="sinner" /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016"> | <ref name=Zhang2018><pubmed> 30513009</pubmed> </ref> | ||
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">'''Andrew Dickman, Jennifer Schneider. (2016)'''<br>The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care<br>Oxford University Press, pp. 114-</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> | |||
| protein_bound = 12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="sinner" /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">'''Frank J. Dowd, Bart Johnson, Angelo Mariotti. (2016)'''<br>Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book<br>Elsevier Health Sciences, pp235–</ref> | |||
| metabolism = [[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref><pubmed>12065445</pubmed></ref> | | metabolism = [[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref><pubmed>12065445</pubmed></ref> | ||
* Major: [[CYP3A4]] | * Major: [[CYP3A4]] | ||
| 87行目: | 89行目: | ||
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ||
| ChEMBL = 742 | | ChEMBL = 742 | ||
| synonyms = CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012"> | | synonyms = CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">'''I. K. Morton, Judith M. Hall. (2012)'''<br>Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms<br>Springer Science & Business Media, pp159–</ref> | ||
<!--Chemical data--> | <!--Chemical data--> | ||