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* [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | * [[Intravenous therapy|Intravenous]]: 100%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | ||
* [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | * [[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 93%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /> | ||
* [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">'''Jianren Mao'''<br>Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia <br>CRC Press | * [[Subcutaneous injection|Subcutaneous]]: high<ref name="Mao2016">'''Jianren Mao. (2016).'''<br>Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia <br>CRC Press</ref> | ||
* [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">'''Pascal Kintz. (2014).'''<br>Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes<br>Elsevier Science</ref> | * [[Epidural administration|Epidural]]: 77%<ref name="Kintz2014">'''Pascal Kintz. (2014).'''<br>Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes<br>Elsevier Science</ref> | ||
* [[Intranasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744"><pubmed> 29736744</pubmed></ref><ref name="sinner"><pubmed> 18175098 </pubmed></ref> | * [[Intranasal administration|Intranasal]]: 8–50%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="pmid29736744"><pubmed> 29736744</pubmed></ref><ref name="sinner"><pubmed> 18175098 </pubmed></ref> | ||
* [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019"><pubmed>31215725</pubmed></ref> | * [[Sublingual administration|Sublingual]]: 24–30%<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref name="Hashimoto2019"><pubmed>31215725</pubmed></ref> | ||
* [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017"> | * [[Rectal administration|Rectal]]: 11–30%<ref name="Nemeroff2017"> | ||
'''Alan F. Schatzberg | '''Alan F. Schatzberg & Charles B. Nemeroff. (2017).'''<br>The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, Fifth Edition<br>American Psychiatric Pub, pp550-.</ref> | ||
<ref name=Zhang2018><pubmed> 30513009</pubmed> </ref> | <ref name=Zhang2018><pubmed> 30513009</pubmed> </ref> | ||
* [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">'''Andrew Dickman | * [[Oral administration|By mouth]]: 16–29%<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="DickmanSchneider2016">'''Andrew Dickman & Jennifer Schneider. (2016).'''<br>The Syringe Driver: Continuous Subcutaneous Infusions in Palliative Care<br>Oxford University Press, pp. 114-</ref><ref name=Zhang2018 /> | ||
| protein_bound = 12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="sinner" /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">'''Frank J. Dowd, Bart Johnson | | protein_bound = 12–47% (low)<ref name="Kintz2014" /><ref name="sinner" /><ref name="DowdJohnson2016">'''Frank J. Dowd, Bart Johnson & Angelo Mariotti. (2016).'''<br>Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry – E-Book<br>Elsevier Health Sciences, pp235–</ref> | ||
| metabolism = [[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref><pubmed>12065445</pubmed></ref> | | metabolism = [[Liver]] ([[demethylation|''N''-demethylation]]):<ref name="MathewZarate2016" /><ref><pubmed>12065445</pubmed></ref> | ||
* Major: [[CYP3A4]] | * Major: [[CYP3A4]] | ||
| 89行目: | 89行目: | ||
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ||
| ChEMBL = 742 | | ChEMBL = 742 | ||
| synonyms = CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">'''I. K. Morton, Judith M. Hall. (2012)'''<br>Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms<br>Springer Science & Business Media, pp159–</ref> | | synonyms = CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2<ref name="MortonHall2012">'''I.K. Morton, & Judith M. Hall. (2012).'''<br>Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms<br>Springer Science & Business Media, pp159–</ref> | ||
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