Shank
林 真理子
慶應義塾大学 医学部
DOI:10.14931/bsd.1089 原稿受付日:2012年5月28日 原稿完成日:2012年6月6日
担当編集委員:柚崎 通介(慶應義塾大学 医学部生理学)
英:Shank (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein)
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2 | |||||||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||||||
Symbols | SHANK2; AUTS17; CORTBP1; CTTNBP1; ProSAP1; SHANK; SPANK-3 | ||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 603290 MGI: 2671987 HomoloGene: 105965 GeneCards: SHANK2 Gene | ||||||||||||
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RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||||
More reference expression data | |||||||||||||
Orthologs | |||||||||||||
Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||
Entrez | 22941 | 210274 | |||||||||||
Ensembl | ENSG00000162105 | ENSMUSG00000037541 | |||||||||||
UniProt | Q9UPX8 | Q80Z38 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_012309.3 | XM_001002370 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (protein) | NP_036441.2 | XP_001002370 | |||||||||||
Location (UCSC) |
Chr 11: 70.31 – 70.96 Mb |
Chr 7: 143.99 – 144.23 Mb | |||||||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 | |||||||||||||
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Identifiers | |||||||||||||
Symbols | SHANK3; DEL22q13.3; PROSAP2; PSAP2; SCZD15; SPANK-2 | ||||||||||||
External IDs | OMIM: 606230 MGI: 1930016 HomoloGene: 75163 GeneCards: SHANK3 Gene | ||||||||||||
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RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||||
More reference expression data | |||||||||||||
Orthologs | |||||||||||||
Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||
Entrez | 85358 | 58234 | |||||||||||
Ensembl | ENSG00000251322 | ENSMUSG00000022623 | |||||||||||
UniProt | F2Z3L0 | Q4ACU6 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_001080420.1 | NM_021423.3 | |||||||||||
RefSeq (protein) | NP_001073889.1 | NP_067398.2 | |||||||||||
Location (UCSC) |
Chr 22: 51.11 – 51.17 Mb |
Chr 15: 89.33 – 89.39 Mb | |||||||||||
PubMed search | [5] | [6] |
同義語:ProSAP (Proline-rich synapse-associated protein), CortBP (Cortactin-binding protein), Somatostatin receptor-interacting protein (SSTRIP), GKAP/SAPAP-interacting protein, SPANK, Synamon
Shankは、2000個以上のアミノ酸からなる巨大な足場タンパク質である。選択的スプライシングによりさまざまな遺伝子産物が得られるが、最も長いものはアンキリンリピート、SH3 (Src homology 3)ドメイン、PDZ (PSD-95, Dlg, Zo-1)ドメイン、プロリンリッチ配列、SAM (Sterile alpha motif)ドメインからなる。それぞれのドメインが相互作用するタンパク質を持つので、結合タンパク質は多岐にわたる。自閉症との関連が指摘されている。
構造
Shankには異なった遺伝子にコードされるShank1、2、3がある。Shankのドメイン構造はアミノ端から、アンキリンリピート、SH3ドメイン、PDZドメイン、1000残基以上に及ぶプロリン、セリン、グリシンに富む配列、SAMからなる(図1)。選択的スプライシングにより、アンキリンリピートやSH3ドメイン、SAMドメインを欠くものもある。
サブタイプ毎の別名は、
- Shank1 = GKAP/SAPAP-interacting protein = SPANK-1 = Somatostatin receptor-interacting protein (SSTRIP) = Synamon
- Shank2 = CortBP1 (Cortactin-binding protein 1) = ProSAP1 (Proline-rich synapse-associated protein 1) = SPANK-3
- Shank3 = ProSAP2 = SPANK-2
発現
Shank1, Shank2, Shank3いずれのサブタイプも脳に広範に発現している。細胞レベルでは、シナプス後部、特にシナプス後肥厚部に多く分布している。
機能
Shankを神経細胞に過剰発現するとスパインの肥大化が起こり、特にShank結合タンパク質であるHomerとの共発現はスパインのを更なる肥大化を引き起こす[2]。 さらに、本来、スパインを持たない小脳顆粒細胞にShankを導入すると、 NMDA型グルタミン酸受容体やAMPA型グルタミン酸受容体をもつスパインを形成するようになる[3]。
Shank分子間のドメイン間相互作用によりオリゴマーを形成するShankと、両端に2つずつのリガンド結合部位をもつ逆平行4量体を形成するHomerは互いに架橋して、高次のネットワーク構造を形成する。このShankとHomerの高次複合体がシナプス後肥厚部の骨格となると考えられる[4] 。
分子内・分子間相互作用
Shank分子内、あるいはShank分子間の相互作用としては、アンキリンリピートとSH3ドメインが相互作用する[5]ほか、PDZドメインはホモ二量体を[6]、SAMドメインは多量体を[7] 形成する。このPDZドメインによるホモ二量体形成には、PDZドメイン本来のタンパク質結合部位は関与しないので、二量体を形成しても、他のPDZリガンドは結合できる(図2)。一方、結晶化されたSAMドメインは一周6分子の螺旋状ポリマーを形成しており(図3)、更にこの螺旋が側面で会合して、Zn2+イオンに依存性の二次元の広がりをもつシートを形成する。
但し、SAMドメインの大きさはShank全長の3%にしか相当しないので、上流の長い配列も含めて大きなポリマーを形成できるかどうかは不明である。
Shankと相互作用するタンパク質
受容体・膜タンパク質
いずれも、C末端(C-terminus)がShankのPDZドメインに結合する。
- ソマトスタチン受容体サブタイプ2[10]
- 嚢胞性線維症膜コンダクタンス制御因子 (Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR)[12]
- AMPA型グルタミン酸受容体GluA1サブユニット[13]
- 代謝活性型グルタミン酸受容体サブユニットmGluR1、mGluR5[14] これらは、Shankに結合するHomerとも相互作用する。
シナプス足場タンパク質
- Homer[17]
低分子量GTP結合タンパク質を制御するタンパク質
- IRSp53
アクチン結合タンパク質
- IRSp53
その他のタンパク質
Shank遺伝子の異常
自閉症との関連については、ヒトにおけるShank3の変異が最初に報告されたが[29]、その後、Shank2[30], Shank1[31]についても報告されている。Phelan–McDermid 症候群は染色体22q13部位の欠失によるもので、Shank3 の異常が原因の一つと考えられている。また、Shank2、Shank3のノックアウトマウスは社会的相互作用の欠如や過剰な毛繕いなど自閉症様の表現型を呈する[32] [33] [34]。さらに、自閉症患者にみられるShank3のC末の欠失変異体は、優性にShank3のプロテアーゼ分解を促進して、シナプスの形成を阻害する[35]。
関連項目
参考文献
- ↑
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Sala, C., Piëch, V., Wilson, N.R., Passafaro, M., Liu, G., & Sheng, M. (2001).
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